Overview of the Central Dogma

Question 1

illustrates the flow of genetic information in cells, DNA replication,
and coding for the RNA through the transcription process, and further RNA codes for the
proteins by translation.

Answer 1

Central Dogma

Question 2

where the organism’s genetic material is
duplicated. This process is essential to maintain genetic continuity in the newly formed cell
during cell division

Answer 2

DNA replication

Question 3

In this process,
DNA information is transcribed into mRNA, a type of RNA molecule that contains the
instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein using its natural machinery.

Answer 3

RNA transcription

Question 4

is a process that occurs on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where
mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized
protein.

Answer 4

Protein translation

Question 5

define as the basic unit structural and functional unit of life

Answer 5

Cell

Question 6

General Characteristics of Cell(6)

Answer 6

1. Needs nutrition and oxygen
2. Produces its own energy necessary for its growth, repair and other activities
3. Eliminates carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes
4. Maintains the medium, i.e. the environment for its survival
5. Shows immediate response to the entry of invaders like bacteria or toxic substances into
   the body
6. Reproduces by division. There are some exceptions like neuron, which do not
   reproduce.

Question 7

Cell body has two parts, namely

Answer 7

nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 8

molecules are arranged in two layers Each phospholipid molecule
resembles the headed pin in shape.

Answer 8

Phospholipids

Question 9

The outer part of the phospholipid molecule is
called the

Answer 9

head portion

Question 10

the inner portion is called the

Answer 10

tail portion.

Question 11

Head portion

Answer 11

hydrophilic

Question 12

Tail portion

Answer 12

hydrophobic

Question 13

molecules are arranged in between the phospholipid molecules.

Answer 13

Cholesterol

Question 14

are the proteins that pass through entire
thickness of cell membrane from one side to the other side

Answer 14

Integral/Transverse Proteins

Question 15

Proteins which are partially embedded in the outer and inner surfaces of the cell
membrane and do not penetrate the cell membrane.

Answer 15

Peripheral/Peripheral Membrane Proteins

Question 16

Carbohydrate molecules present in cell membrane are attached to proteins and form

Answer 16

glycoproteins

Question 17

Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and loose covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane called

Answer 17

glycocalyx.

Question 18

cell is the jellylike material formed by 80% of water

Answer 18

Cytoplasm

Question 19

It contains a
clear liquid portion called

Answer 19

cytosol

Question 20

Organelle with limiting membranes(8)

Answer 20

 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Lysosome
 Peroxisome
 Centrosome and centrioles
 Secretory vesicles
 Mitochondria
 Nucleus

Question 21

Organelles without limiting membranes(2)

Answer 21

 Ribosomes
 Cytoskeleton

Question 22

The lumen of endoplasmic reticulum contains a fluid
medium called

Answer 22

endoplasmic matrix

Question 23

It is the endoplasmic reticulum with rough, bumpy or bead-like appearance.

Answer 23

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 24

Smooth and tubular in appearance

Answer 24

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 25

is a membrane-bound organelle situated near the nucleus.

Answer 25

Golgi Apparatus

Question 26

positioned near the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

cis face

Question 27

near the cell membrane

Answer 27

trans face

Question 28

Each Golgi apparatus consists of 5 to 8 flattened membranous sacs called the

Answer 28

cisternae

Question 29

are the membrane-bound vesicular organelles found throughout the cytoplasm.

Answer 29

Lysosome

Question 30

Types of Lysosome(2)

Answer 30

Primary lysosome Secondary lysosome

Question 31

which is pinched off from Golgi apparatus. It is inactive in spite of having hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 31

Primary lysosome

Question 32

which is the active lysosome. It is formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome with phagosome or endosome.

Answer 32

Secondary lysosome

Question 33

Digestion of extracellular materials engulfed by the cell via endocytosis

Answer 33

Heterophagy

Question 34

Digestion of intracellular materials such as worn-out cytoplasmic organelles.

Answer 34

Autophagy

Question 35

hydrolyze the proteins into amino acids

Answer 35

Proteases

Question 36

hydrolyze the lipids into fatty acids and glycerides

Answer 36

Lipases

Question 37

hydrolyze the polysaccharides into glucose

Answer 37

Amylases

Question 38

hydrolyze the nucleic acids into mononucleotides.

Answer 38

Nucleases

Question 39

are the membrane limited vesicles like the lysosomes.

Answer 39

Peroxisomes

Question 40

is the membrane-bound cellular organelle situated almost in the center of cell, close to nucleus.

Answer 40

Centrosome

Question 41

are the organelles with limiting membrane and contain the secretory substances.

Answer 41

Secretory Vesicles

Question 42

is a membrane bound cytoplasmic organelle concerned with production of energy.

Answer 42

Mitochondria

Question 43

are the organelles without limiting membrane.

Answer 43

Ribosomes

Question 44

is the cellular organelle present throughout the cytoplasm. It determines the shape of the cell and gives support to the cell.

Answer 44

Cytoskeleton

Question 45

are the straight, hollow and tubular structures of the cytoskeleton.

Answer 45

Microtubules

Question 46

Structurally, the microtubules are formed by bundles of globular protein called

Answer 46

tubulin.

Question 47

are the structures that form a network around the nucleus and extend to the periphery of the cell.

Answer 47

Intermediate Filament

Question 48

These filaments are made up of non-tubular contractile proteins called actin and myosin. Actin is more abundant than myosin.

Answer 48

Microfilament

Question 49

is the most prominent and the largest cellular organelle

Answer 49

Nucleus

Question 50

Nucleus is covered by a membrane called

Answer 50

nuclear membrane

Question 51

Major components of nucleus are(3)

Answer 51

nucleoplasm chromatin nucleolus

Question 52

is double layered and porous in nature. This allows the nucleoplasm to communicate with the cytoplasm.

Answer 52

Nuclear Membrane

Question 53

It is a highly viscous fluid that forms the ground substance of the nucleus that surrounds chromatin and nucleolus.

Answer 53

Nucleoplasm

Question 54

is a small, round granular structure of the nucleus. Each nucleus contains one or more nucleoli.

Answer 54

Nucleolus

Question 55

are the channels which open whenever there is a change in the electrical potential.

Answer 55

voltage-gated channels

Question 56

are the type of channels which open in the presence of some hormonal substances

Answer 56

Ligand-gated channels

Question 57

are the channels which are opened by some mechanical factors

Answer 57

Mechanically gated channels

Question 58

Categories of Gated Channels(3)

Answer 58

voltage-gated channels Ligand-gated channels Mechanically gated channels

Question 59

Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion

Answer 59

Permeability of the Cell Membrane Temperature Concentration of Gradient or Electrical Gradient of the substance across the Cell Membrane Solubility of the Substances Thickness of the Cell Membrane Size of the Molecules Size of the Ions Charge of the Ions

Question 60

is the diffusion of large quantity of substances from a region of high pressure to the region of low pressure.

Answer 60

Bulk Flow

Question 61

Movement of water and solutes from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure.

Answer 61

Filtration

Question 62

movement of water or any other solvent from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration of a solute, through a semipermeable membrane

Answer 62

Osmosis

Question 63

is the pressure created by the solutes in a fluid

Answer 63

Osmotic pressure

Question 64

is a process in which water or other solvent flows in reverse direction

Answer 64

Reverse Osmotic pressure

Question 65

Types of Osmosis

Answer 65

Endosmosis Exosmosis

Question 66

Movement of water into the cell

Answer 66

Endosmosis:

Question 67

Movement of water out of the cell.

Answer 67

Exosmosis

Question 68

is the type of transport mechanism in which the energy is liberated directly from the breakdown of ATP.

Answer 68

Primary active transport

Question 69

Special Type of Active Transport

Answer 69

1. Endocytosis 2. Exocytosis 3. Transcytosis

Question 70

is a process by which macromolecules like bacteria and antigens are taken into the cells.

Answer 70

Pinocytosis

Question 71

is the process by which particles larger than the macromolecules are engulfed into the cells.

Answer 71

Phagocytosis

Question 72

is the transport of macromolecules with the help of a receptor protein.

Answer 72

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Question 73

is the process by which the substances are expelled from the cell.

Answer 73

Exocytosis