Intro

Question 1

What do Analytical Scientists use?

Answer 1

Different methods.

Different instruments.

Question 2

Where does the choice of methods and instruments depend?

Answer 2

On analyte’s nature.

Question 3

What questions do analytical scientists try to answer?

Answer 3

1. What have I got?
2. How much of it do I have?
3. But…How confident are you?

Question 4

What does the question ‘What have I got’ talk about?

Answer 4

Tests and processes quality.

Question 5

What does the question ‘How much of it do I have’ talk about?

Answer 5

Substance, concentrations quantity: Forensic.

Was the substance the cure or the cause of patient’s illness?: Biomedical.

Question 6

What does the question ‘But…How confident are you?’ talk about?

Answer 6

Powerful, correct quality assurance and statistical analysis.
Repeat analysis for incorrect results.
Represent truly the final result.

Question 7

What problems might occur during an experiment?

Answer 7

Poor sample.
Contamination.
Wrong technique.
Preplanned falsification.
Poor calculation.
Incorrect units.

Question 8

How can the sample be poor?

Answer 8

When it is:
Wrong.
Not representative of the whole.
Small, not enough divided.

Question 9

When can the sample be contaminated?

Answer 9

If it is not:
Stored and used correctly.
Identifiable.
Labelled correctly for particular analysis.

Question 10

How can the wrong technique be prevented in an analysis?

Answer 10

By recording properly sample and results.

Question 11

How can poor calculations of maths be prevented in an analysis?

Answer 11

By doing them:
Properly.
Powerfully.
Understanding every step.

Question 12

How can incorrect units present in an analytical experiment?

Answer 12

By incorrect calculations.

Errors.

Question 13

What can an arithmetical error cause to someone?

Answer 13

Jail.

Question 14

How can someone be guilty because of an arithmetical error?

Answer 14

Wrong multiplication.
Large/small figure.
Not same to true value.

Question 15

What must we be in terms of calculations in analysis?

Answer 15

Extremely careful in the whole process and data analysis of numbers.

Question 16

On what do analytical results depend?

Answer 16

Representative sample.
Sample honesty/integrity.
Analysis method accurate and precise.
Analyse right sample.
Analyse right person/place.

Question 17

What does GIGO mean?

Answer 17

Garbage In Garbage Out.

Question 18

What must the sample be?

Answer 18

Site representative.

Question 19

For what is the sampler responsible?

Answer 19

Representativeness of sample.

Question 20

What might happen in an experimental and analytical process?

Answer 20

Experiment in lab –> given to analyst for analysis.

Question 21

What happens when the sample is liquid?

Answer 21

The liquid is the whole sample representative.

Question 22

What happens when the sample is a powder?

Answer 22

Take a small part of the sample –> mix up –> coning and quartering process –> take sample.

Question 23

What must be taken in a method of experimental process?

Answer 23

Accuracy.

Precision.

Question 24

Whose responsibility are the results taken from the experimental method?

Answer 24

The analysts.

Question 25

What is the method?

Answer 25

The whole procedure.

Question 26

What does the method include?

Answer 26

``` Sample selection. Sample preparation. Weighing. Dissolving. Purification = unwanted material removed. Analysis. Results. ```

Question 27

What does the sample integrity involve?

Answer 27

Correct sample. Correct patient details. Nothing has changed.

Question 28

Which 3 factors ensure that the sample is correct?

Answer 28

1. Traceability. 2. Good record keeping. 3. Secure/safe storage.

Question 29

How can we make sure it is the correct sample?

Answer 29

``` Keep sample chain. Labelling correctly. Secure storage. Cleanliness. Avoid contamination = false effects ```

Question 30

What can cause degradation of samples?

Answer 30

``` Light. Heat. Oxidation. Contamination. Container loss. Bacterial action. Physical contact. Material loss. Solubility changes. ```

Question 31

How can light and heat cause degradation of samples?

Answer 31

By releasing energy. | Leading to different reactions.

Question 32

How can solubility changes cause sample degradation?

Answer 32

Uncontrolled temperature. | Too much heat --> precipitation.

Question 33

What can be done to prevent sample degradation?

Answer 33

Store in dark, cool place. Use suitable containers-specifically designed. Acidify solutions. Let little air space in container.

Question 34

Why should acidify solutions to prevent sample degradation?

Answer 34

Metals react with water and air and they react. | Keep pH controlled.

Question 35

What else is needed in forensic analysis?

Answer 35

Signature of sample keeping. Logbook of recorded samples. Logbook of accessibility of sample.

Question 36

What does the Quality Assurance programme require?

Answer 36

Use of known chemicals from known batches. Recorded analytical specifications. Shelf life. Use by date.

Question 37

Why a Quality Assurance programme should be followed?

Answer 37

To identify wrong situations/chemicals used. | Minimise contamination.

Question 38

What is exactly a Quality Assurance?

Answer 38

A system.

Question 39

What does the Quality Assurance system state?

Answer 39

``` What will be done. Analysis type. What checks, controls will be carried out. Reagents. Chemicals. Records will show what has been done. What expected. ```

Question 40

Which is an organisation that will approve quality systems?

Answer 40

ISO9000.

Question 41

What is an accreditation scheme for l laboratories?

Answer 41

UKAS (UK Accreditation Service). | NAMAS (National Accreditation of Measurement and Sampling).

Question 42

What is only accredited?

Answer 42

Only some standard procedures.

Question 43

What will any organisation have?

Answer 43

Its own QA system.

Question 44

Why should any organisation have its own QA system?

Answer 44

For analysis conditions.

Question 45

Where do own adaptive techniques depend in the lab?

Answer 45

On lab actions.

Question 46

How are records characterised?

Answer 46

Important.

Question 47

What is required for applications?

Answer 47

Properly noted laboratory notebooks. Results' proof. Evidence. Not destroyed things.

Question 48

What must be noted in a laboratory notebook?

Answer 48

How things were done. | Written process.

Question 49

What will be checked with the help of a noted laboratory notebook?

Answer 49

Calculations. | Right/wrong things.

Question 50

What is necessary to be written in a lab notebook?

Answer 50

Much detail.

Question 51

Where does the lab notebook belong?

Answer 51

To the company we work for. | Not to us.

Question 52

Why are records important?

Answer 52

To explain what occurred.

Question 53

On what we can not rely?

Answer 53

Our memory.

Question 54

What can not be characterised as a result?

Answer 54

A measurement.

Question 55

What do measurements show?

Answer 55

Data. | Concentration range.

Question 56

What happens to the data and concentration range?

Answer 56

The are analytically processed. | Give results.

Question 57

What be a rubbish and not accurate graph of data?

Answer 57

``` A non informative. Non labelled axis. Errors uncommented. No units on axis. Wrong units on axis. Meaningless conclusion. Graph uncommented. ```

Question 58

What can be a proper graph of data?

Answer 58

Labelled axis. Units. Good structure. Arrive at a result.

Question 59

What should measurements include?

Answer 59

Units.

Question 60

What should results be?

Answer 60

Calculated.

Question 61

What do calculations need?

Answer 61

Validating.

Question 62

What should be done with errors?

Answer 62

Estimation.

Question 63

What should be done on the result?

Answer 63

Comment.

Question 64

What can lead to wrong answer that need to be checked?

Answer 64

Uncertainties.

Question 65

What do the results need to be?

Answer 65

Confident.