Intro

Question 1

Hemoglobin (Hgb) in grams per deciliter (g/dL) are ………….
Hematocrit (Hct) or packed cell volume (volume of RBCs as a percent of total blood volume), pcv
…………..

RBC count :normal………

Reticulocyte: Retic Count……….

Answer 1

Male: 13-18 g/dL and Female: 11.5-16.5 g/Dl

41% to 52%. Normal level for women is 36% to 48%.

4.5-6.5 million cells/mcL.

0.5 to 2.5% indicates

Question 2

Hypochromia

Macrocytosis

Rouleaux

Schistocytes ( Fragmented RBCs):

Spherocytes

Target cells

Burr cells(“echinocytes

Howell-Jolly body :

Basophilic stippling

Bite cells ,Heinz body, Blue dots in RBC:

Acanthocytes Cells

Teardrop cells (“dacrocytes”

Elliptocyte cells

Answer 2

> 1\3 to 1/2 of the cell diameter

Increased RBC size(MCV > 110 fL) Megaloblastic anemia; liver disease; reticulocytosis;
myelodysplastic syndromes; alcoholism

RBCs in long lines or stacks Hypergammaglobulinemia; monoclonal gammopathies

Mechanical trauma: malfunctioning prosthetic heart valve;
thrombotic microangiopathy (TTP/HUS); severe burns; joggers; severe shock or acidosis; severe intravascular hemolytic anemia.

Small round cells with no central pallor Hereditary spherocytosis; immune hemolytic anemia.

Central thick area surrounded by pale ring as in Liver disease; hemoglobinopathies (thalassemia, sickle cell anemia)

Cells with relatively even spicules around periphery; central pallor preserved.As in Renal failure; often seen as artifact on blood smears (“crenated cells”)

Small round fragment of nuclear material in RBC occur in Splenectomy; sickle cell anemia.

RBCs with fine to coarse bluish speckles as in Lead poisoning; thalassemias; any severe stress on the bone marrow.

seen in Unstable hemoglobin; Unstable hemoglobins; hemolytic anemia due to enzyme deficiencies (G6PD deficiency).

irregular shape a few long projections no central pallor occur in Severe liver disease;; abetalipoproteinemia; severe starvation.

RBCs shaped like teardrops with one pointed end, as in Extramedullary hematopoiesis; myelophthisic anemias (myelofibrosis, space-occupying lesions in bone marrow.

oval or elongated, from slightly egg-shaped to rod or pencil forms.Mutations in genes coding for protein 4.1, alpha spectrin, beta spectrin, band 3, and Glycophorin C have all been implicated in hereditary elliptocytosis

Question 3

Causes of leucopenia

Answer 3

bone marrow suppression like leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, post chemotherapy and connective tissues disorders like systemic lupus erythematosis and others .

Question 4

Normal count of neutrophil range

Answer 4

40% to 60% of total WBCs

Question 5

Common causes of neutrophilia

Answer 5

bacterial, fungal infection, truma, surgery, burn, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, sicke cells crises, pregnancy exercise and others

Question 6

Common causes of neutropenia

Answer 6

infection like viral ,bacterial as typhoid fever ,protozoal as malaria, autoimmune disease ,bone marrow suppression as aplastic anemia, leukemia ,alcohol, drugs like(carbimazole ,captoprile, cimetidine ….others)

Question 7

The normal eosinophil counts

Answer 7

<0.5 x 109/L) ~1 to 4%of total WBC.

Question 8

Eosinophilia

Answer 8

eosinophilia connective tissue disorders as polyarteritis nodosa ,malignancy as lymphoma and leukemia. Hypereosinophilia: (HE, persistent peripheral blood eosinophilia > 1.5 × 109/L) <8%of total WBC.

Question 9

Basophilia

Answer 9

myeloproliferative disease ,ulcerative colitis and crohns disease

involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions related to immunoglobulin class E (IgE) .

Question 10

.normal count Lymphocytes

Answer 10

20–40% of WBC)

1,5—3.5 x109/L

Question 11

Causes of lymphocytosis

Answer 11

viral infection ,bacterial (bordetella pertussis),chronic lymphocytic leukemia,acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma.

Question 12

Causes of lymphopenia:

Answer 12

Covid19, AIDS, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever.Connective tissue disorders like systemic lupus erythematosis, renal failure, drugs like chemotherapy, corticosteroid.

Question 13

Causes of monocytosis

Answer 13

Bacterial infections: tuberculosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and brucellosis. Other infections: Syphilis, viral infections (eg, infectious mononucleosis), and many protozoal and rickettsial infections , kala azar, malaria, .Chronic inflammatory diseases as ulcerative colitis ,crohns disease and malignancy.

Question 14

Common causes of thrombocytosis are

Answer 14

Essential thromcytosis, Hemorrhage,Iron-deficiency anemia,Rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis .

Question 15

Common causes of thrombocytopenia

Answer 15

I.T.P(idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura,).systemiclupus erythematous(SLE).Disaminated intravascular coagulopathy( DIC), postchemotherapy, Malignancy and Aplastic anemia

Question 16

For the average adult, the bone marrow produces

Answer 16

5 x 1011 cells per day

Question 17

Hematopoiesis begins in

Answer 17

yolk sac during the first month of embryogenesis but gradually shifts to the liver and, to a lesser extent, the spleen. The liver is the primary site of hematopoiesis during the second trimester; however, the bone marrow becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis after the seventh month. After birth, the bone marrow is normally the sole site of hematopoiesis (intramedullary hematopoiesis).

Question 18

Expression of ……… a marker of immature cells, is used as a marker for hematopoietic stem cells.

Answer 18

CD34

Question 19

Granulocytopoiesis

Answer 19

Myeloblast then Promyelocyte then Myelocyte followed by Metamyelocyte then Band neutrophil and Segmented neutrophil.

Question 20

Erythropoiesis

Answer 20

Proerythroblast then Basophilic erythroblast then Polychromatophilic erythroblast then Orthochromatophilic erythoblast followed by Reticulocyte finally Erythrocyte