Intro Flashcards
4 Levels of Genetics and Vet Med
- Individual
- Family
- Herd/Flock
- Population
genetics
science of heredity and variations
Central Dogma
information is stored as DNA, converted to RNA through transcription, converted to protein through translation
Chromosome Structure
two sister chromatids joined together by a centromere, resulting in a short arm (p) and a long arm (q)
Metacentric
centromere is located somewhere in the middle of the chromosome
Acrocentric
centromere is somewhere near the end of the chromosome
Diploid Organisms
inherit one set of chromosomes from father, one set from mother (resulting in two copies of the genome)
of Chromosome Pairs in Cats
19
of Chromosome Pairs in Dogs
39
of Chromosome Pairs in Horses
32
of Chromosome Pairs in Donkeys
31
of Chromosome Pairs in Cattle
30
of Chromosome Pairs in Sheep
27
of Chromosome Pairs in Pigs
19
What is unique about the bird genome?
They have chromosomes (9) AND microchromosomes
Why are mules sterile?
Horses and donkeys have different numbers of chromosomes
Karyotype
visualization of chromosomes
Mitosis
cells replicate via mitosis, resulting in 2 diploid (2 copies of genome) daughter cells which are genetically identical
Meiosis
results in 4 haploid (1 copy of genome) daughter cells which are gentically different from parent cell and each other; how we get gametes
Phases of Mitosis/Meiosis
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
2 Ways in which we obtain Genetic Differences during Meiosis
- Chromosomal Reassortment
- Recombination (crossover)
What could a high number of mitotic bodies indicate?
possible cancer (because it’s mitosis gone wrong, no signal present to turn off)
Is mitotic rate consistent among cell types?
No - varies from 0.5%-40%
Gene
unit of inheritance; DNA sequence with a defined beginning and end (start/stop codons) which encodes a cellular product
