Intro

Question 1

4 Levels of Genetics and Vet Med

Answer 1

1. Individual
2. Family
3. Herd/Flock
4. Population

Question 2

genetics

Answer 2

science of heredity and variations

Question 3

Central Dogma

Answer 3

information is stored as DNA, converted to RNA through transcription, converted to protein through translation

Question 4

Chromosome Structure

Answer 4

two sister chromatids joined together by a centromere, resulting in a short arm (p) and a long arm (q)

Question 5

Metacentric

Answer 5

centromere is located somewhere in the middle of the chromosome

Question 6

Acrocentric

Answer 6

centromere is somewhere near the end of the chromosome

Question 7

Diploid Organisms

Answer 7

inherit one set of chromosomes from father, one set from mother (resulting in two copies of the genome)

Question 8

of Chromosome Pairs in Cats

Answer 8

19

Question 9

of Chromosome Pairs in Dogs

Answer 9

39

Question 10

of Chromosome Pairs in Horses

Answer 10

32

Question 11

of Chromosome Pairs in Donkeys

Answer 11

31

Question 12

of Chromosome Pairs in Cattle

Answer 12

30

Question 13

of Chromosome Pairs in Sheep

Answer 13

27

Question 14

of Chromosome Pairs in Pigs

Answer 14

19

Question 15

What is unique about the bird genome?

Answer 15

They have chromosomes (9) AND microchromosomes

Question 16

Why are mules sterile?

Answer 16

Horses and donkeys have different numbers of chromosomes

Question 17

Karyotype

Answer 17

visualization of chromosomes

Question 18

Mitosis

Answer 18

cells replicate via mitosis, resulting in 2 diploid (2 copies of genome) daughter cells which are genetically identical

Question 19

Meiosis

Answer 19

results in 4 haploid (1 copy of genome) daughter cells which are gentically different from parent cell and each other; how we get gametes

Question 20

Phases of Mitosis/Meiosis

Answer 20

1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase

Question 21

2 Ways in which we obtain Genetic Differences during Meiosis

Answer 21

1. Chromosomal Reassortment
2. Recombination (crossover)

Question 22

What could a high number of mitotic bodies indicate?

Answer 22

possible cancer (because it’s mitosis gone wrong, no signal present to turn off)

Question 23

Is mitotic rate consistent among cell types?

Answer 23

No - varies from 0.5%-40%

Question 24

Gene

Answer 24

unit of inheritance; DNA sequence with a defined beginning and end (start/stop codons) which encodes a cellular product

Question 25

Introns and Exons

Answer 25

introns of a gene get cut away and exons contribute to the protein product

Question 26

When is a gene expressed?

Answer 26

when the protein it encodes is made

Question 27

Are introns just junk?

Answer 27

No - they do have a lot of regulatory elements, but they still do not contribute to the protein product

Question 28

If a gene is turned on, will it 100% be expressed (get a protein)?

Answer 28

no - due to regulation of gene expression

Question 29

At what levels can gene expression be regulated?

Answer 29

transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications

Question 30

Do all regulatory events stop gene expression?

Answer 30

no, some will decrease expression, but some will enhance/increase, divert, interupt, or change

Question 31

Locus (loci)

Answer 31

location(s) of a gene along a chromosome

Question 32

Homozygous

Answer 32

alleles identical

Question 33

Heterozygous

Answer 33

alleles different

Question 34

How many alleles at each locus?

Answer 34

2

Question 35

How many alleles are inherited from each parent?

Answer 35

1

Question 36

Genotype

Answer 36

representation of the alleles at any locus
(homo or hetrozygous)

Question 37

of Genes in Mammals

Answer 37

20-25k

Question 38

of Genes in Protozoa (single celled organisms)

Answer 38

10k

Question 39

How do mammals get our genetic complexity?

Answer 39

Two-thirds of our known genes encode for more than one product

Question 40

Alternative splicing

Answer 40

reading a gene in a different way to result in a different product; change the meaing by only reading pieces but still always reading in the same order

Question 41

Phenotype

Answer 41

the observable characteristic or trait

Question 42

Strength of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation

Answer 42

strong = changes in one gene result in obvious phenotypical changes (simple/Mendelian traits)
weak = can be due to multiple genes and/or environmental effects, difficult to predict