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2a Endocrinology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

The word hormone is derived from the Greek hormao meaning…

A

To excite

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2
Q

Endocrine

A

glands ‘pour’ secretions into blood stream (thyroid, adrenal, beta cells of pancreas)

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3
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

Glands ‘pour’ secretions through a duct to site of action (pancreas - amylase, lipase)

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4
Q

Endocrine hormone action

A

Blood-borne, acting at distant sites

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5
Q

Paracrine

A

Acting on adjacent cells

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6
Q

What does the term “autocrine” mean?

A

Feedback on the same cell that secreted hormone

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7
Q

Water-soluble hormones are unbound and bind to s______ r______ of target cell

A

surface receptor

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8
Q

Water-soluble hormones have a _____ half-life and _____ clearance

A

short, fast

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9
Q

Examples of water-soluble hormones

A

Peptides (insulin, glucagon), monoamines (histamine, dopamine)
which are stored in vesicles

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10
Q

Fat-soluble hormones are p_____ b____ and diffuse into target cell

A

protein bound

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11
Q

Fat-soluble hormones have a _____ half life and ____ clearance

A

long, slow

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12
Q

Fat-soluble hormone examples

A

Thyroid hormone, steroids

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13
Q

Steroids are s______ on demand

A

synthesised

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14
Q

Peptides can vary in length and have a l____ or ring structure

A

linear

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15
Q

Peptides are made of 2 chains and may bind to c______

A

carbohydrates

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16
Q

Peptides are stored in s_____ g_____, they are hydrophilic and water soluble

A

secretory granules

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17
Q

Peptides are released in pulses or bursts and cleared by…

A

tissue or circulating enzymes

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18
Q

After insulin has bound to receptor proteins, it p______ the receptor

A

phosphorlyates

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19
Q

Phosphorylation of receptor causes t_______ k_____ to become active

A

tyrosine kinase

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20
Q

Following the activation of tyrosine kinase, phosphorylation of signal molecules triggers cascade of effects resulting in g____ uptake and a_____ reactions

A

glucose, anabolic

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21
Q

Amines

A

** look at 14:15?

22
Q

Are thyroid hormones water soluble?

A

No

23
Q

99% of iodothyronines are p____ b___

A

protein bound

24
Q

Only 20% of T_ is secreted directly by thyroid

A

T3

25
Q

Secretory cells release thyroglobulin into c_____

A

colloid

26
Q

Which molecules are incorporated to form the iodothyrosines?

A

Iodine and tyrosine

27
Q

C______ of iodothyrosines gives rise to T3 and T4

A

conjugation

28
Q

Where are T3 and T4 stored?

A

In colloid bound to thyroglobulin

29
Q

___ stimulates the movement of colloid into secretory cell

A

TSH

30
Q

T4 and T3 are c______ from thryoglobulin

A

cleaved

31
Q

Hormone receptor location

A

**

32
Q

Cholesterol derivatives and steroids eg vitamin D are ____ soluble

A

fat

33
Q

Vitamin D enters cell directly to nucleus to stimulate ___ production

A

mRNA

34
Q

How is Vitamin D transported?

A

Vitamin D binding protein

35
Q

A__________ and g______ steroid are 95% protein bound

A

Adrenocortical
Gonadal

36
Q

After entering cell, adrenocortical and gonadal steroids pass to nucleus to induce a response, are altered to active m______, bind to a cytoplasmic receptor

A

metabolite

37
Q

*** Slide 19

A
38
Q

Slide 21 ***

A
39
Q

Slide 22 ***

A
40
Q
A
41
Q

Hormone metabolism means

A

Reduced function of that hormone

42
Q

What does synergism mean?

A

Combined effects of 2 hormones amplified (eg glucagon with adrenaline)

43
Q

Antagonism

A

One hormone opposes other hormone (eg glucagon antagonizes insulin)

44
Q

Hormones controlling the posterior pituitary are synthesised in the…

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

What are the 2 hormones which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

46
Q

What hormones are associated with the anterior pituitary gland?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH and PRL (prolactin)

47
Q

In periphery T_ is converted to T_

A

T4 to T3

48
Q

The half life of T4 is

A

5 to 7 days

49
Q

The half life of T3 is

A

1 day

50
Q
A

2a Endocrinology (26 decks)

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