Intro

Question 1

commonly referred to as the foundation of public health. study of scientific method of problem solving that helps “disease detectives” understand how people get sick and die, who gets and dies, and how to avoid getting sick.

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

study of distribution and determinants of health related stated or events in human populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems

Answer 2

Epidemiology

Question 3

Greek words:

Answer 3

epi - among
demos - the people
logos - suffix meaning: the study of

Question 4

greek words of epidemiology literally refers to the

Answer 4

“study among the people”

Question 5

Epidemiology is important in:

Answer 5

Public Health
Disease Prevention
Resource Allocation
Describe healthy and unhealthy population
Establish risk favtors
Determine health of community

Question 6

informs policy and health practices plays an important role in meeting public health objectives aimed at promoting physical, mental, and social well-being in the population.

Answer 6

Public Health

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Describe the extent of disease in a population and the natural history

Answer 7

Public Health

Question 8

Describe disease occurrence
Identifies the cause of disease

Answer 8

Public Health

Question 9

identifies risk factors and preventive measures; findings contribute to preventing and controlling disease,
injury, disability, and death

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Disease Prevention

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guides healthcare resources and interventions

Answer 10

Resource Allocation

Question 11

measure the status of population at a given
point in time and compare the results

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Survey

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types of risk factors

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Nonmodifiable
Modifiable

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ex. of nonmodifiable risk factors

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sex, age

Question 14

ex. of modifiable

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behavior or lifestyle

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how can epidemiology determine the health of a community

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By counting the number of people with specific diseases or poor health habits in an area

Question 16

Specialties in Epidemiology

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Chronic disease
Behavioral
Environmental
Forensic
Genetic
Infectious disease
Injury
Perinatal
Reproductive health
Social epidemiology
Violence

Question 17

Studies the occurrence and risk factors for disease such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes that are slow to develop but span many years

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Chronic disease

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Studies lifestyle factors that may be associated with disease status; examples include smoking, lack of physical activity, poor diet

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Behavioral

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Studies the effect of the environment to human health

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Environmental

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Studies the joint integration of law enforvement functions and public health in criminal context
(bioterrorism)

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Forensic

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Studies the role of genetics in disease development, can include infectious or chronic disorder

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genetic

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studies diseases that are acute and contagious; can include long-lasting diseases that are transmissible

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Infectious diseases

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Studies the distribution and risk factors for injuries, either accidental or intentional

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Injury

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Studies health problems of newborns

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Perinatal

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Studies the normal reproductive processes and problems that can occur, including infertility, birth defects, and low birth weight

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Reproductive health

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Studies the effect of community socioeconomic factors on health

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Social epidemiology

Question 27

The science of epidemiology is designed to describe the health status of a population to________ , and to serve as a basis to develop prevention and control programs

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explain the etiology

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Rigorous set of rules to conduct epidemiologic research

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Scientific Method

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statement based on sound biological theory that can be tested

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Hypothesis

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it is stated as if there will be NO relationship between the study factors and the outcome

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Null hypothesis

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true or false: epidemiology involves sound methods of scientific investigation

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true

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draw on statistical techniques for describing data and evaluating hypotheses, biological principles, and causal theory

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Descriptive and analytical methods

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characterization of the distribution of health-related states or events

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Descriptive Epidemiology

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Investigates causes and associations, testing hypotheses, and identifying causes of health- related states or events.

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Analytical Epidemiology

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Ex of analytical epidemiology

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cohort studies, case-control studies)

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The Father of Medicine and the First Epidemiologist; used epidemiology principles to understand disease occurrence

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HIPPOCRATES (460-377 BC)

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First Epidemiologist; Contributed the idea of observation and the terms “epidemic” and “endemic”

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HIPPOCRATES (460-377 BC)

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normal occurrence of disease in a population

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ENDEMIC

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Upper end of that normal range

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Epidemic threshold

Question 40

refers to a disease or condition that affects a greater than expected number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time.

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EPIDEMIC

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geographically widespread epidemic that occurs in more than one continent

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PANDEMIC

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ex. of PANDEMIC

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Plague of Athens, Plague in china spread to Italy, Spanish flu

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Developed a vaccine against small pox using cow poxr

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Edward Jenner

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Developed a vaccine against small pox using cow poxr

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Edward Jenner

Question 45

described the association between dirty water and cholera

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John Snow

Question 46

Described the association between childbed fever, a life-threatening infection contracted by a woman during or shortly aer childbirth, and physicians’unclean hands discovered that handwashing standards in obstetrical clinics could reduce the incidence of puerperal fever

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Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 47

Described the association between childbed fever, a life-threatening infection contracted by a woman during or shortly aer childbirth, and physicians’unclean hands discovered that handwashing standards in obstetrical clinics could reduce the incidence of puerperal fever

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Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 48

Conducted an experiment showing that scurvy can be treated and prevented with limes, lemons and oranges

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James Lind

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proved that pellagra is not infectious but nutritional in origin and could be prevented by increasing amount of animal products in the diet.

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Joseph Goldberger

Question 50

Personalities:

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Edward Jenner John Snow Ignaz Semmelweis James Lind Joseph Goldberger

Question 51

Steps to conduct epidemiologic research:

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Determine primary agent Understand causation Determine characteristics Mode of transmission Determine contributing factors Asses geographic factors Define natural history Determine control measures Determine prevention Plan health services Determine hypothesis