intro Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Life, one’s life, lifetime
A
Bios
2
Q
Study of
A
Logos
3
Q
The study of life
A
Biology
4
Q
The science that deals with structures,
functions, and relationships of living things and their environment
A
Biology
5
Q
3 Major Branches of Biology
A
Microbiology
Botany
Zoology
6
Q
– study of microorganisms
– study of plants
– study of animals
A
✓ Microbiology
✓ Botany
✓ Zoology
7
Q
9 Traditional Branches of Biology
A
TAXONOMY
CYTOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
GENETICS
EVOLUTION
ECOLOGY
8
Q
Study of naming and classifying
organisms.
A
TAXONOMY
9
Q
Study of structures and functions of
cells.
A
CYTOLOGY
10
Q
Study of formation and development
of organisms.
A
EMBRYOLOGY
11
Q
Study of structures and parts of
organisms.
A
ANATOMY
12
Q
Study of functions of the organisms
and their parts.
A
PHYSIOLOGY
13
Q
Study of biochemical compositions
and process of living things.
A
BIOCHEMISTRY
14
Q
Study of heredity and variation.
A
GENETICS
15
Q
Study of origin and differentiation of
organisms.
A
EVOLUTION
16
Q
Study of relationships of organisms
with each other and their environment.
A
ECOLOGY
17
Q
6 Modern Branches of Biology
A
BIOINFORMATICS
GENOMICS
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
PHARMACOGENOMICS
PROTEOMICS
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
18
Q
Study of biological data using computer programs
A
BIOINFORMATICS
19
Q
Study of the entire genetic material of an organism
A
GENOMICS
20
Q
Study of molecules that make up the cells of living organisms
A
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
21
Q
Study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs
A
PHARMACOGENOMICS
22
Q
Study of the different proteins in an organism
A
PROTEOMICS
23
Q
Study of combined biology and engineering
A
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
24
Q
12 Branches of Zoology
A
CRYPTOZOOLOGY
ENTOMOLOGY
MAMMOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY
HERPETOLOGY
ETHNOZOOLOGY
PRIMATOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
PALEONTOLOGY
ICHTYOLOGY
ORNITHOLOGY
MYCOLOGY
25
Study of unknown species of animals
CRYPTOZOOLOGY
26
Study of insects
ENTOMOLOGY
27
Study of mammals
MAMMOLOGY
28
Study of parasites
PARASITOLOGY
29
Study of reptiles and amphibians
HERPETOLOGY
30
Study of the ways in which animals influence the people they interact with.
ETHNOZOOLOGY
31
Study of primates
PRIMATOLOGY
32
Study of human kind
ANTHROPOLOGY
33
Study of pre-historic organisms
PALEONTOLOGY
34
Study of fishes
ICHTYOLOGY
35
Study of birds
ORNITHOLOGY
36
Study of fungi
MYCOLOGY
37
2 Early Beliefs about the Origin of Life
ABIOGENESIS
BIOGENESIS
38
‘Spontaneous Generation’; it is the belief that life originates from nonliving matter
ABIOGENESIS
39
The belief that life originates from pre-existing life
BIOGENESIS
40
Challenge the idea of Spontaneous Generation
Experiment Set-up:
1) Meat inside an uncovered jar
2) Meat inside a covered jar
Result: Maggots did not form from the covered jar
Redi’s Experiment
FRANCESCO REDI
41
Supports the idea of Spontaneous Generation
Experiment Set-up:
1) A flask with a culture of microorganism inside
2) The flask was boiled and sealed afterwards
Result: Microorganisms grew from the flask
Needham’s Experiment
JOHN NEEDHAM
42
Challenge the experiment of Needham
Experiment Set-up:
1) 2 flasks containing meat and vegetables were both heated
2) 1 flask was sealed after heating
Result: Culture of microorganisms grew from the uncovered flask
Spallanzani’s Experiment
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
43
Most scientists were convinced that Spontaneous Generation does not occur
Experiment Set-up:
1) Sugar solution with yeast inside a flask with long neck was boiled
2) The neck of the flask was later cut
Result:
1) No microorganism was formed from the flask with long neck
2) Microorganisms grew from the flask without a long neck
Pasteur’s Experiment
LOUIS PASTEUR
44
3 Current Beliefs about the Origin of Life
DIVINE CREATION
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
PANSPERMIA
45
_ – it is the belief that life forms and everything in the universe were created through a supernatural power rather than a naturalistic means
○ Six-day period
DIVINE CREATION
Creationism
46
It is the belief that the first life evolved from inanimate matter
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
47
Simple molecules were struck by lightning which triggered the creation the key building blocks of life on Earth
Miller-Urey Experiment
48
It proposes that a meteor or cosmic dust may have carried to Earth significant amounts of organic molecules, which have
started the evolution of life
PANSPERMIA
SVANTE ARRHENIUS
49
Living and interacting with
the environment
Responding to changes in the surroundings
Adapting and evolving
Maintaining internal balance
Gathering and using energy
Reproducing and continuing life
Unifying Themes about Life
50
Gathering and Using Energy
● _ – it is the ability of organisms to do work
● Green plants obtain energy from sunlight to undergo _
● Humans and animals obtain energy from other _
ENERGY
photosynthesis
organisms
51
Gathering and Using Energy
● _ _ – the process by which energy is released by the breakdown of food
● _ – the sum of all chemical processes and energy changes happening inside the body of an organism
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
METABOLISM
52
Gathering and Using Energy
THREE METABOLIC PROCESSES
Nutrient uptake
Nutrient processing
Waste elimination
53
Humans and animals derive energy
indirectly from the sun by ingesting food
1) Nutrient uptake
54
Green plants obtain energy directly from
sunlight via photosynthesis
2) Nutrient processing
55
Fungi obtain energy by absorbing
nutrients from dead or living organisms
3) Waste elimination
56
Maintaining Internal Balance
_ – the process of removing wastes (E.g. CO2, H2O, mineral salts, and nitrogenous waste)
● EXCRETORY ORGANS
● Skin ● Liver ● Large Intestine
● Lungs ● Kidneys ● Urinary bladder
EXCRETION
57
Maintaining Internal Balance
_ – the maintenance of the body’s internal environment
● All metabolic processes must be coordinated and regulated
HOMEOSTASIS
58
Responding, Adapting, and Evolving
● _ or _ – the ability of an organism to move from one place to another by walking, flying, swimming, gliding, jumping, etc.
● All metabolic processes must be coordinated and regulated
Cnidarian
Sponges
Plants
Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopods
MOTILITY or LOCOMOTION
59
Responding, Adapting, and Evolving
● _ or _ – the ability of an organism to respond appropriately to stimulus
● _ or _ – the
reaction of an organism to stimuli
IRRITABILITY or SENSITIVITY
TROPISM or RESPONSE
60
Responding, Adapting, and Evolving
● _ ADAPTATION – the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in the environment
INDIVIDUAL ADAPTATION
61
Responding, Adapting, and Evolving
● _ ADAPTATION – it is the gradual or rapid change in body structure or behavior to be better suited to survive in a new environment
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION
62
Responding, Adapting, and Evolving
3 MODIFIED STRUCTURES
Stick insect
Leaf insect
Hummingbird
63
Reproducing and Continuing Life
● _ – it is an increase in size and volume. It is associated with the replacement of damaged cells, death of cells, and growth of new cells such as in wound healing
○ _ – growth from WITHIN among living things
○ _ – growth from the OUTSIDE among nonliving things
GROWTH
INTUSSUSCEPTION
ACCRETION
64
● _ REPRODUCTION – it is the union of the sex cells of two parents to produce a unique individual of their kind
● _ REPRODUCTION – it occurs when an organism makes a copy of itself
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
65
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fragmentation
Budding
Binary Fission
66
Living and Interacting
ORGANIZATION OF LIFE IN VERTICAL DIMENSION
Atom
Molecule
Cell organelles
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System of organs
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
Bioma
Biosphere
67
Living and Interacting
ORGANIZATION OF LIFE IN HORIZONTAL DIMENSION
Doman Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
* Eubacteria
Domain Archaea (Prokaryotes)
* Archaebacteria
Domains of Life
Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
* Protista
* Plantae
* Fungi
* Animalia
68
Organ Systems
* I
* N
* S
* E
* M
* C
* L
* U
* R
* D
* R
* Integumentary system
* Nervous system
* Skeletal system
* Endocrine system
* Muscular system
* Cardiovascular system
* Lymphatic system
* Urinary system
* Respiratory system
* Digestive system
* Reproductive system
69
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
Integumentary system
70
Protects against environmental hazards
Helps regulate body temperature
Provides sensory information
Integumentary system
71
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs
Nervous system
72
Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities or other organ systems
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
Nervous system
73
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
Skeletal system
74
Provides support and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells
Skeletal system
75
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Endocrine tissues in other systems
Endocrine system
76
Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Endocrine system
77
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheet)
Muscular system
78
Provides movement
Provides protection and support for other tissues
Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Muscular system
79
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
80
Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
Cardiovascular system
81
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Lymphatic system
82
Defends against infection and disease
Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Lymphatic system
83
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urinary system
84
Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Urinary system
85
Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Respiratory system
86
Delivers air into alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occur)
Provides oxygen to bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Produces sounds for communication
Respiratory system
87
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Digestive system
88
Processes and digests food
Absorbs and conserves water
Absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins and fats)
Stores energy reserves
Digestive system
89
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Scrotum
Male reproductive system
90
Produces mall sex cells (sperms) and hormones
Male reproductive system
91
Primary difference between organic
compounds and inorganic compounds
Organic compounds ALWAYS contain
carbon while most inorganic compounds do
NOT contain carbon
Example:
Organic: Glucose
Inorganic: Water
92
2 ESSENTIAL INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. WATER
2. SALTS
93
❖ 2 atoms of Hydrogen (H2) and 1 atom of Oxygen (O)
❖ 71% of the Earth’s surface
- 97.5% - Saline water
- 2.50% - Freshwater
❖ Universal Solvent to hydrophilic substances
1. WATER
94
❖ It is a compound that releases ions other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water.
❖ It is dissolved into ions such as sodium, potassium, or calcium
NaOH + HCl → H2O and NaCl
2. SALTS
95
4 ESSENTIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. CARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDS
3. PROTEINS
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
96
ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE _ , BUILT FROM _
POLYMERS
MONOMERS
97
✓ Include sugars and the
polymers of sugars
✓ Serves as ‘fuel’ and ‘building material’
✓ _ – simplest carbohydrates; single sugars
✓ _ – polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
98
Monosaccharides
Glucose + Fructose
Glucose + Galactose
Glucose + Glucose
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
DISACCHARIDES
99
The polymers of sugars, have storage
and structural roles
POLYSACCHARIDES
100
2 types of Polysaccharide
Storage and structural
101
✓ _ – is a storage polysaccharide in animals
✓ Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in _ and _ cells
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES
Glycogen
liver and muscle cells
102
✓ _ – found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
✓ Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES
Chitin
103
✓ The one class of large biological
molecules that do NOT form polymers
✓ The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water
✓ Hydrophobic because they
consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which
form _ covalent bonds
✓ The most biologically important lipids are
_, _, and _
2. LIPIDS
nonpolar
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
104
✓ Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and
hormones
✓ Prevents water loss from skin surface
✓ Essential parts of cell structures such as
cell membranes
✓ Insulating materials to prevent heat loss
and protection against extreme cold
✓ Source and storage of energy
IMPORTANCE OF LIPIDS
105
Saturated fat
meats, butter, dairy products
solid at room temperature
increase levels of "bad" cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein)
clogs arteries
Unsaturated fat
vegetable oils
liquid at room temperature
increase levels of "good" cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein)
"grabs" HDL and escorts it to the liver where LDL is broken down and eventually removed from the body
IMPORTANCE OF LIPIDS
106
✓ Account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
✓ Include a diversity of structures,
resulting in a wide range of functions
▪ Functions include:
structural support
storage
transport
cellular communications
movement
defense against foreign substances
3. PROTEINS
107
8 TYPES OF PROTEINS
Enzymatic
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile and motor
Structural
108
Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Protection against disease
Storage of amino acids
Transport of substances
Coordination of an organism's activities
Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Movement
Support
Enzymatic
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile and motor
Structural
109
2 PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
KWASHIORKOR (bulging abdomen)
MARASMUS (loss of muscle mass)
110
✓ Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
✓ The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a _
▪ Genes are made of _, a nucleic acid
made of monomers called _
✓ There are two types of nucleic acids
▪ _ acid (DNA)
▪ _ acid (RNA)
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
gene
DNA; nucleotides
▪ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
▪ Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
111
3 OTHER ESSENTIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
VITAMINS
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
112
✓ Essential, but in small amounts
✓ Do not provide energy
✓ It includes substances that animals
can only get from the foods they eat
because they could not be
synthesized inside the body.
VITAMINS
113
4 FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS (ADEK)
VITAMIN A: RETINOL
VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
VITAMIN K
114
✓ Carotenoid/Beta-carotene
IMPORTANCE:
1. Vision
2. Maintenance of Tissues
3. Antioxidants
4. Reproduction
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Xerophthalmia
VITAMIN A: RETINOL
115
✓ D_ – _calciferol
✓ D_ – _calciferol
IMPORTANCE:
1. Pro-hormone
2. Promotion of Ca and P absorption
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Rickets
✓ Osteomalacia
VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL
✓ D2 – Ergocalciferol
✓ D3 – Cholecalciferol
116
IMPORTANCE:
1. Antioxidant
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Hemolytic anemia
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
117
✓ K_ – _quinone
✓ K_ - _quinone
IMPORTANCE:
1. Newborn babies
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Blood coagulation problems
VITAMIN K
✓ K1 – Phylloquinone
✓ K2 - Menaquinone
118
9 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B1: THIAMINE
VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN
VITAMIN B3: NIACIN
VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID
VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE
VITAMIN B7: BIOTIN (a.k.a VITAMIN H)
VITAMIN B10: FOLATE
VITAMIN B12: COBALAMIN
VITAMIN C: ASCORBIC ACID
119
IMPORTANCE:
1. CHO metabolism
SOURCES:
✓ Unrefined rice, enriched cereals
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Beri-beri
VITAMIN B1: THIAMINE
120
IMPORTANCE:
1. CHO, CHON, and fat metabolism
SOURCES:
✓ Milk, meats, poultry, enriched bread
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Cheilitis, glossitis, dermatitis
VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN
121
IMPORTANCE:
1. Co-enzyme in energy metabolism
SOURCES:
✓ Meats, poultry, and fish
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Pellagra
VITAMIN B3: NIACIN
122
IMPORTANCE:
1. Metabolism and absorption, hormone synthesis
SOURCES:
✓ Mushrooms, avocados, potatoes, and brocolli
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Unknown natural deficiency
VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID
123
IMPORTANCE:
1. CHO and CHON metabolism and absorption
SOURCES:
✓ Fish, beef liver and other organ meats, starchy vegetables
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Irritability
✓ Depression
VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE
124
IMPORTANCE:
1. Coenzyme for fatty and amino acids
2. Treatment for seborrheic dermatitis
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Nausea
✓ Anemia
✓ Pallor
VITAMIN B7: BIOTIN (a.k.a VITAMIN H)
125
IMPORTANCE:
1. DNA Synthesis
2. CHON metabolism
3. Hemoglobin formation
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Spina bifida
✓ Anencephaly
VITAMIN B10: FOLATE
126
IMPORTANCE:
1. Folate metabolism
2. Myelin sheath maintenance
3. RBC formation
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Anemia
✓ Nervous system damage
VITAMIN B12: COBALAMIN
127
IMPORTANCE:
1. Antioxidant
2. Intercellular cement
3. Iron enhancer
DEFICIENCY:
✓ Scurvy
✓ Poor wound healing
VITAMIN C: ASCORBIC ACID
128
Scientific Method 6
1 * Observation
2 * Hypothesis
3 * Experiment
4 * Results
5 * Conclusion
6 * Share!
129
Identifying and clearly defining the problem
OBSERVATION
130
Formulating a possible logical answer to the identified problem; educated guess
HYPOTHESIS
131
Conducting controlled attempts to test one or more hypotheses and includes recording and analyzing results
○ _ Group – unexposed variable
○ _ Group – manipulated variable
EXPERIMENTATION
○ Control Group – unexposed variable
○ Experimental Group – manipulated variable
132
An _ group, also known as a treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study,
whereas a _ group does not.
experimental; control
133
Formulating generalization about the
results that may accept, reject or modify the hypothesis
○ _ – a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of phenomena, especially one that has been tested or is widely accepted
CONCLUSION
Theories
