Intro

Question 1

What is the Hypothetico-Deductive Method?

Answer 1

A method proposed by Karl Popper for generating knowledge by defining a problem worthy of investigation

Research can begin with casual observation or previous research

Question 2

What distinguishes surveys from experiments?

Answer 2

Surveys measure variables as they naturally occur, while experiments manipulate variables to establish causal relationships

Question 3

What is the role of randomization in experiments?

Answer 3

To ensure participants are equally likely to receive any treatment, isolating the effects of the manipulated variables

Question 4

Define systematic variation

Answer 4

Variation that can be explained by the model

Also referred to as the effect

Question 5

Define unsystematic variation

Answer 5

Variation that cannot be explained by the model

Also referred to as error

Question 6

What does H1 represent in hypothesis testing?

Answer 6

The effect you expect to find

Question 7

What does H0 represent in hypothesis testing?

Answer 7

The null hypothesis, indicating no evidence of effect

Question 8

What is a Type I Error?

Answer 8

Hasty rejection of the null hypothesis, concluding there is an effect when there is none

Question 9

What is a Type II Error?

Answer 9

Hasty rejection of the alternative hypothesis, concluding there is no effect when there is one

Question 10

What is the typical value of alpha (α) in psychology?

Answer 10

0.05

Question 11

What is the typical value of beta (β) in psychology?

Answer 11

0.20

Question 12

What is the purpose of effect sizes?

Answer 12

To provide an indication of the size of the effect found

Helps compare findings across studies and gauge real-world importance

Question 13

What is Cohen’s d value for a small effect?

Answer 13

0.20

Question 14

What is the purpose of power analysis?

Answer 14

To control for Type II errors by determining the sample size needed to find an effect if there is one

Question 15

What is the mean formula?

Answer 15

Mean = Σx/N

Question 16

What is the variance formula?

Answer 16

Variance = s² = Σd² / (N-1)

Question 17

What is the standard deviation formula?

Answer 17

Standard deviation = s = √(Σd² / (N-1))

Question 18

What are the assumptions of parametric statistics?

Answer 18

Data should be normally distributed and have homogeneity of variance

Question 19

What defines non-parametric statistics?

Answer 19

Make no assumptions about the data, used for ordinal data or small group sizes

Question 20

What is the replication crisis?

Answer 20

Concerns about the reliability of research findings, where many findings are false due to low statistical power and bias

Question 21

What did the Open Science Collaboration find regarding replication?

Answer 21

Only 36% of psychological studies could be replicated, with average effect sizes smaller than in original studies

Question 22

What are the four core principles of the Singapore statement on research integrity?

Answer 22

• Honesty in all aspects of research
• Accountability in the conduct of research
• Professional courtesy and fairness in working with others
• Good stewardship of research on behalf of others

Question 23

What is the likelihood of replication for social psychology findings compared to cognitive psychology findings?

Answer 23

Less likely for social psychology findings

Social psychology findings have been found to be less replicable than those in cognitive psychology.

Question 24

What is Open Science?

Answer 24

An umbrella term for making all elements of the research process freely and openly available

This includes data, methods, and findings being shared openly.

Question 25

What does P-hacking refer to?

Answer 25

Fiddling with data analysis to achieve significant results ## Footnote This includes unplanned data recoding, transforming data, and deleting outliers.

Question 26

What is a priori power analysis used for?

Answer 26

To determine the required sample size before data collection ## Footnote It helps ensure sufficient statistical power for the study.

Question 27

What does HARKing stand for?

Answer 27

Hypothesizing After the Results are Known ## Footnote It involves changing hypotheses post-analysis, which is discouraged.

Question 28

What are the two main forms of replication studies?

Answer 28

* Exact / direct replication studies * Conceptual replication ## Footnote Exact replication tries to recreate the original study conditions, while conceptual replication tests hypotheses with different methods.

Question 29

What is the purpose of pre-registration in research?

Answer 29

To set out a research plan in advance, increasing transparency ## Footnote It includes hypotheses, methods, and analysis plans that can be reviewed by others.

Question 30

What are the key components that should be included in a pre-registration?

Answer 30

* Background to the research project * Theory-based hypotheses * Planned methods * Sample details * Data analysis plan ## Footnote Each component helps ensure a thorough and transparent research process.

Question 31

What are directional hypotheses?

Answer 31

Hypotheses that specify the expected direction of the relationship between variables ## Footnote These are often one-tailed and indicate how variables are expected to interact.

Question 32

What is the maximum word count for the pre-registration submission?

Answer 32

2000 words ## Footnote Figures, tables, and references do not count towards the word limit.

Question 33

What should be described in the method section of a pre-registration?

Answer 33

* Independent variables with all levels * Dependent variables * Data collection methods * Sample size justification * Exclusion criteria ## Footnote This ensures clarity and reproducibility of the research methods.

Question 34

What statistical techniques are mentioned for data analysis in the study?

Answer 34

* Multiple regression * Two-way factorial ANOVA ## Footnote These techniques are used for analyzing data collected in the study.

Question 35

What are some recommended elements to include in the analysis plan?

Answer 35

* Method of correction for multiple tests * Reliability criteria for scales * Anticipated data transformations * Assumptions of analyses ## Footnote These elements help in ensuring robust statistical analysis.

Question 36

True or False: Pre-registration eliminates all questionable research practices.

Answer 36

False ## Footnote While it encourages transparency, it does not completely prevent cheating.

Question 37

What is the significance of specifying contingencies and assumptions in the analysis plan?

Answer 37

To outline how to handle potential violations of assumptions in the analysis ## Footnote This can involve checking data and planning for alternative analyses.