intro

Question 1

proper gas exchange requires the integration of many organs

Answer 1

1. lungs, chest wall, respiratory muscles to provide adequate gas movement
2. heart and pulmonary circulation for adequate blood flow
3. central and peripheral receptors to control and match ventilation and perfusion

Question 2

obstructive airway disease can

Answer 2

impede gas flow into and of the alveoli

Question 3

restrictive disease can alter

Answer 3

ventilation-perfusion matching or create barriers to gas exchange

Question 4

pulmonary vascular disease can impair

Answer 4

gas transfer and lead to right heart failure

Question 5

The pleural space is created by the

Answer 5

apposition of the inner lining of the chest wall, the parietal pleura, and the outer lining of the lung, the visceral pleura.

Question 6

Conducting airways

Answer 6

• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles

Question 7

Gas exchange units

Answer 7

• respiratory bronchioles
• alveolar ducts
• alveoli

Question 8

On average there are ____ generations of airways in humans (from trachea to the last respiratory bronchiole).

Answer 8

23

Question 9

The first ____ are the conducting airways because they form a conduit for gas transfer to and from the respiratory exchange units of the lung.

Answer 9

16

Question 10

The walls are made up of three principal structures:

Answer 10

1. the inner mucosal surface
2. the smooth muscle layer
3. the outer connective tissue layer

Question 11

the inner mucosal surface is made up of:

Answer 11

epithelial cells, cilia, and goblet cells

Question 12

the loss of cartilage in the outer tissue layer represents the transition from _____

Answer 12

bronchi to bronchioles.

Question 13

disease such as bronchitis and bronchiectasis refer to

Answer 13

airways with cartilage whereas bronchiolitis affects the bronchioles or non-cartilagenous airways.

Question 14

the conducting airway is defined as

Answer 14

anatomic deadspace– des not participate in gas exchange

Question 15

The gas-exchange region

begins _____ and includes the_____

Answer 15

(the acinus)

distal to the terminal bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole, the alveolar ducts, and the alveoli.

Question 16

Type I cells

Answer 16

1. account for 95% of the alveolar surface area

2. fuse with the capillary endothelium to create a sufficiently thin membrane for adequate gas transfer.

Question 17

Type II cells have

two primary functions:

Answer 17

1) to repair or replace injured Type I pneumocytes

2) to secrete surfactant, a substance which lowers alveolar surface tension.

Question 18

in the lung the pulmonary arteries (and arterioles) run with the:

Answer 18

bronchi (and bronchioles)

Question 19

Gas-exchange occurs at the:

Answer 19

capillary-alveolar interface

Question 20

The pulmonary veins run:

Answer 20

they don’t run with the airways but are more peripheral.

Question 21

Lymphatics run

Answer 21

near the pulmonary arteries and veins to help cope with extravascular lung water.