intro Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Asexual reproduction Meiosis/mitosis
A
mitosis - no fertilazation
2
Q
how many parents asexual reproduction
A
one
3
Q
sexual reproduction mitosis/meiosis
A
meiosis & fertilazation
4
Q
gametes haploid/diplod/
A
haploid - 23 chromososmes
5
Q
somatic cells how many chromosomes
A
46 - diploid
6
Q
Monozygotic twins are what
A
identical
7
Q
how many eggs/sperm monozygotic twins
A
one egg, one sperm
8
Q
identical twins passed on genetically?
A
no
9
Q
Dizygotic twins are what
A
non-identical
10
Q
how many eggs/sperm Dizygotic twins
A
two eggs two sperms
11
Q
genetic predisposition non-identical twins
A
yes
12
Q
5 functions female reproductive system
A
formation/release of ova reception of sperm environment for fertilisation/foetus parturition lactation
13
Q
parturition
A
childbirth
14
Q
2 functions male repro system
A
production spermatozoa
transmission spermatozoa
15
Q
which hormone stimulates milk production
A
prolactin
16
Q
which hormone stimulates milk production and initiates labour
A
oxytocin
17
Q
3 layers of uterus
A
perimetrium - outer
myometrium - middle
endometrium - inner, sheds
18
Q
what is shed producing menstrual flow
A
endometrium
19
Q
when does embryo become feotus
A
after 8 weeks
20
Q
which cells does the placenta develop from
A
same sperm/egg cells that form feotus
21
Q
primary function of placenta
A
transport of 02/nutrients TO foetus
remove waste FROM foetus
* also produces key hormones in pregnancy
22
Q
do mother/foetal cells cross placenta?
A
NO
23
Q
what can cross placenta
A
nutrients some drugs antibodies stress hormones HIV/rubella
24
Q
pregnancy lasts how long
A
40 wks approx
25
how is labour initiated
oxytocin stimulates contractions of myometrium
26
what is placenta praevia
placenta attaches to uterine wall close to or covering cervix
27
utrine/fallopian tubes also called
salpinges
28
what are fallopian tubes lines with
ciliated columnar epithelium
29
what causes egg to travel from ovary to uterus
peristalsis
30
can fertilisation take place in fallopian tubes
yes often
31
ovaries produce
female gametes - ova
| female sex hormones - oestrogen, progesterone
32
ova production known as
ovogenisis
33
ovogenisis begins where
in female foetus
34
immature ova called
primordial follicle
35
which hormone triggers maturation of follicle
FSH
36
which hormones triggers ovulation
surge of LH
37
after ovulation follicle walls become a structure known as
corpus luteum
38
corpus luteum produces two hormones
progesterone, oaestrogen
39
Describe follicular phase from Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone
triggers A Pituitary to release
Follicle Stimulating hormone
Ovarian follicle releases OESTROGEN
40
Luteal phase from Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone
AP releases Luteinising hormone
corpus luteum releases PROGESTERONE
41
4 phases of menstrual cycle
1 menstrual
2 pre-ovulatory
3 ovulation
4 post ovulatory
42
can blood-born pathogens cross the placenta
no
43
which hormone menstrual phase
Follicle stimulating hormone
44
what happens in menstrual phase/timescale
endometrium shed - 5 days average
| follicles developing in ovaries
45
which hormone pre-ovulatory phase
oestrogen
46
what is oestrogen good for
proliferation/growth
47
what happens in pre-ovulatory phase/timescale
thickening of endometrium - 8-14 days
| follicles mature in ovaries
48
which hormone ovulatory phase
luteinising hormone
49
when is ovulatory phase?
day 14 - middle of cycle
50
what happens in ovulatory phase
egg released!
| mature follicle ruptures, egg expelled
51
which hormone post-ovulatory phase
progesterone (+oestrogen)
52
how long post ovulatory phase
14 days approx
53
what happens in post ovulatory phase
endometrium maintained
| corpus luteum formed from follicle wall - produces progesterone & some oestrogen
54
how do ovulation tests work
detect higher levels of LH
55
what is essential for establishing/maintaining pregnancy until placenta takes over
corpus luteum as produces the progesterone
56
fertilized ovum known as
zygote
57
effect of follicle stimulating hormone FSH on menstrual cycle
develops/matures follicles
58
what is inhibin, what secretes it
secreted by follicles in pre-ovulatory phase - decreases FSH
59
effect of oestrogen on menstrual cycle
thickens endometrium in pre-ovulatory phase
| maintains in post ovulatory phase
60
effect of luteinizing hormone on menstrual cycle
stimulated by high oestrogen levels
| ruptures follicles - expells egg
61
effect of progesterone on menstrual cycle
produced by corpus luteum, maintains endometrium in prep for pregnancy
62
what happens if egg fertilised?
zygote embeds in uterine wall
| hCG maintains/stimulates corpus luteum to produce more progesterone/oestrogen
63
hCG stands for
human chorionic gonadotropin
64
what produces human chronic gonadotropin hormone after a few weeks of fertilzation
placenta takes over from embryo
65
what happens to corpus luteum if egg not fertilised
after 14 days corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans
progesterone/oestrogen drop
menstruation starts new cycle
66
start of periods
menarche
67
what do ovaries become less responsive to during menopause
FSH & LH
68
what happens to oestrogen/progesterone production during menopause
little is produced
69
Why high FSH/LH levels may indicate menopause
because no negative feedback from Oestrogen/progesterone to switch them off
70
symptoms of menopause
```
hot flushes
decreased libido
breast shrinkage
sparse pubic/axillary hair
vaginal dryness
irritability
mood changes
skin thinning
osteoporosis
increase blood cholesterol
atrophy of vaginal lining
```
71
3 benefits to HRT
reduces menopause symptoms
reduces osteoporosis risk
reduces bowel cancer risk
72
3 risks to HRT
increases oestrogen-driven cancers - e.g. breast
| increases heart disease/stroke risk
73
penis sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation
parasympathetic
74
sperm production known as
spermatogenisis
75
spermatogenisis regulated by which hormone
FSH
76
which tubules are spermatozoa produced in
seminiferous tubules
77
where do spermatozoa mature/are stored
epididymis
78
sperm anatomy 3
head - nucleus,DNA, egg-pentrating enzymes
body - filled with mitochondria to fuel tail action
tail - to swim
79
which 2 glands produce seminal fluid
seminal vesicles
| prostate gland
80
how is sperm protected from urethral or vaginal acidity
it's alkaline
81
what secretes alkaline fluid that neutralises urinary cards and lubricates end if penis
bulbourethral glands (cowpers glands)
82
which muscles contract in ejaculation
epididymis & vas deferens
