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Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

age of first period

A

menarche

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2
Q

mid-cycle bleeding (between cycles)

A

metorrhagia

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3
Q

heavy bleeding

A

menorrhagia

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4
Q

absence of periods

A

amenorrhoea

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5
Q

painful periods

A

dysmenorrhoea

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6
Q

short cycle/frequent periods

A

polymenorrhea

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7
Q

infrequent periods - long cycles

A

oligomenorrhea

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8
Q

lactating but not pregnant

A

galactorrhoea

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9
Q

pain on intercourse female

A

dyspareunia

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10
Q

no sperm in ejaculate

A

oligospermia

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11
Q

secondary male sexual traits in female - e.g. hirsuitism

A

virilisation

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12
Q

enlarged breast tissue is a male

A

gynaecomastia

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13
Q

what was previously known as premenstrual/stress

A

premenstrual syndrome

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14
Q

main cause of PMS

A

hormone imbalance - too little progesterone (in relation to oestrogen) at luteal phase of cycle - so too much oestrogen

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15
Q

PMS also sometimes linked to increased production of

A

prostaglandins

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16
Q

sometimes excessive ____ linked to PMS

A

prolactin

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17
Q

meaning of aetiologies

A

causes

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18
Q

what is PID

A

infectious, inflammatory disease of upper female genital tract

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19
Q

organs affected by PID

A

uterus

fallopian tubes & adjacent pelvic structures

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20
Q

causes PID

A

infection - often fallopian tubes/ovaries - ascending bacteria
after gonorrhoea/chlamydia
insertion of IUD

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21
Q 
lower abdominal PAIN - gradual or sudden & severe
may increase with walking
purulent discharge
maybe dysuria
fever nausea vomiting
A

PID

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22
Q

complications PID

A

peritonitis,
death by septic shock
abcesses
infertlity

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23
Q

define endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue formed/found OUTSIDE UTERUS - ectopic endometrium

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24
Q

where does endometriosis affect

A

commonly ovaries, uterosacral ligaments or colon

can affect lungs/joints

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25
``` sometimes asymptomatic pain menstruating dyspareunia sometimes mid-cycle bleeding/heavy bleeding infertiity ```
endometriosis
26
cause endometriosis
idiopathic
27
complications endometriosis
can lead to fibrous tissue/adhesions/obstructions | affect fertility
28
what lifestyle factor can cause low progesterone
stress!
29
leiomyoma known as
utrine fibroids
30
definition fibroids
benign tumours of myometrium of uterus due to oestrogen dominance
31
when do you get fibroids
common in reproductive years | shrink post menopause
32
cause fibroids
idiopathic
33
often asymptomatic | may cause - abnormal bleeding, frequent urination, constipation, heavy sensation in lower abdomen, difficulty conceiving
fibroids
34
allopathic treatment fibroids
hormones | surgery
35
define ovarian cysts
multiple cysts in ovary
36
causes ovarian cysts
usually hormone imbalances
37
diagnosis ovarian cysts
ultrasound | laparoscopy
38
complications ovarian cysts
bleeding | peritoneal inflammation
39
discomfort/pain in lower abdomen urinary retention menstrual irregularities
ovarian cysts
40
allopathic treatment ovarian cysts
surgery
41
define polycystic ovaries
presence of many cysts within ovaries
42
2 criteria for polycystic ovaries (at least 1 must be present to diagnose)
12 or more follicles 2-9mm in diameter | increased ovarian volume 10 cubic cm min
43
what is polycystic ovary syndrome
group of symptoms ass with polycystic ovaries, plus 5 hormonal/metabolic abnormalities
44
do you have to have polycystic ovaries to have polycystic ovary syndrome
NO!
45
5 hormone/metabolic abnormalities of PCOS
``` Menstrual dysfunction ovulatory dysfunction oligoovulation/anovulation hyperandrogenism metabolic disturbances eg hyperinsulinaemia ```
46
hyperandrogenism
high testosterone
47
oligoovulation
infrequent/irregular ovulation
48
anovulation
no ovulation
49
3 possible causes of PCOS
genetic insulin resistance/diabetes prenatal androgen excess
50
PCOS can result from an imbalance between which 2 hormones
LH:FSH
51
PCOS - multiple follicles on ovary causes what particular look
pearl necklace
52
acanthosis
dark patch at back of neck
53
``` cysts on ovaries amenorrhoea oligomenorrhoea anovulation infertility weight gain (middle paretic) high oestrogen high testosterone impaired glucose tolerance oily skin/acne hirsutism acanthosis ```
PCOS
54
3 diagnostic criteria that MUST be present to diagnose PCOS
1) Oligo/anovulation AND/OR polycystic ovaries 2) Clinical/biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism/excess androgen activity 3) exclusion of other causes of hormonal/metabolic dysfunction
55
3 other causes of hormonal/metabolic dysfunction that could be confused with PCOS
congeital adrenal hyperplasia androgen secreting tumours cushings syndrome
56
which 4 tests will GPs perform to diagnose PCOS
1) blood test 2) laparoscopy 3) ultrasound 4) clinical presentation
57
5 factors in blood test that would indicate PCOS
1 increased androgens 2 low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) 3 high LH:FSH ratio 4 high oestradiol & prolactin 5 high insulin & blood glucose levels
58
Oral contraceptive pill with anti-androgen insulin resistance traetment- metformin selective oestrogen receptor modulator ovulation stimulation treatment for
PCOS (allopathic)
59
ectopic pregnancy also known as
tubal pregnancy
60
where does ectopic pregnancy occur
outside womb | most commonly fallopian tube but anywhere in the region
61
sudden acute abdominal pain on rupture of a fertilised ovum growing in fallopian tubes 6 - 8 weeks after ovulation
ectopic pregnancy
62
complications ectopic pregnancy
haemorrhage | peritonitis
63
non-specific inflammation of penis
balanitis
64
orifice of foreskin too small to allow retraction
phismosis
65
causes balanitis
phismosis | lack of hygeine
66
complications balanitis
recurring - fibrosis of foreskin
67
most common none-specific type of infection of male repro system
urethritis
68
complicatiosn urethritis
spread up - prostate seminal vesicles epididymis/testes
69
infection of epididymis, usually caused by gonorrhoea
epididymitis
70
inflammation of testes, often caused by mumps virus
orchitis
71
what is testicular torsion
rotation (twisting) of spermatic cord
72
what is hydrocele
accumulation of peritoneal fluid in scrotum
73
most common cancer in young men aged 15-35
testicular cancer
74
hyper-proliferation of prostate tissue leading to compression of urethra
benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) | v common in older men
75
obstructed urinary flow difficulty passing urine dribbling nocturnal urinating
benign prostste hyperplasia
76
4 diagnostic tests for benign prostate hyperplasia
rectal exam blood test ultrasound clinical presentation
77
allopathic treatment benign prostate hyperplasia
hormone-modifying drugs | surgery when obstruction severe
78
most common cancer in older men (50+)
prostate cancer
79
is prostate cancer easy to detaect
no - few s&s
80
prostate cancer aggressive?
can often be v slow

Reproductive System (2 decks)

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