Intro

Question 1

Behavioral Ecology

Answer 1

An ecological and evolutionary approach to the study of behavior

Question 2

Idealistic view in early 1800’s

Answer 2

Species never change
All variation in the species are defects around one ideal form (essentialism)
Earth is millions of years old
Fossils are only from extinct species
New species are created from scratch

Question 3

Evolution by natural selection requires:

Answer 3

Variation among individuals in
Heritable traits that
Affect the survival or reproduction of the individual

Question 4

Fitness

Answer 4

Relative number of gene copies contributed by the individual to the next generation (reproductive success [# of offspring] relative to the population average)

Question 5

Adaptation

Answer 5

The changes or trait that yield higher reproductive success

Question 6

Animals practicing maladaptive behavior

Answer 6

Hedge sparrow helping cuckoo bird, wood thrush helping cowbird, and the praying mantis

Question 7

What determines birds’ maladaptive care treatment probability?

Answer 7

Likely the presence or lack there of in time difference between the evolution and presence of the invader and the evolution of the bird species being invaded

Question 8

Eusocial

Answer 8

An animal species with an advanced level of social organization

Question 9

Altruism

Answer 9

Self-sacrifice for success of other individuals in group / group

Question 10

Wynne-Edwards

Answer 10

Group-level selection usually trumps individual-selection behavior

Question 11

G. C. Williams

Answer 11

Altruism is theoretically possible but not as effective as individual selection, and true altruism is not real

Question 12

William Hamilton

Answer 12

Helping members in your group indirectly helps fitness

Question 13

Kin selection

Answer 13

A group of natural selection favoring behaviors that increase the fitness of relatives

Question 14

Inclusive fitness

Answer 14

Direct fitness + indirect fitness

Question 15

B and C

Answer 15

B is number of extra offspring from help of individual

C is cost of likely number of offspring from expressed altruistic trait

Question 16

Pathogenesis for ants, bees, and wasps

Answer 16

Males created from unfertilized eggs

Question 17

Jacobus Boomsma

Answer 17

Monogamy important for Eusocial creatures in determining effectiveness of this Eusocial altruistic behavior

Question 18

Phylogeny

Answer 18

Evolutionary tree of species that are derived from a common ancestor

Question 19

Cooperation
Postponed cooperation
Reciprocity

Answer 19

A & B helping each other now
A eventually gets B’s resources
B helps A back

Question 20

Maladaptive Altruism
Adaptive Altruism
Spite
Deceit and manipulation

Answer 20

Sacrifices made by A to help B
Sacrifices made initially by A to help A later on
A reduces fitness to harm B
A exploits B in ways that benefit A but harm B

Question 21

Primary helper

Answer 21

Directly care for relatives rather than go out and find a mate

Question 22

Secondary helper

Answer 22

Helping at unrelated nest (area) for their fitness

Question 23

Variables on inclusive fitness

Answer 23

Pg. 7

Question 24

By-product hypothesis

Answer 24

Ian Jameson; What if genes for maladaptive traits or non-adaptive traits were by-products genes, since they did increase fitness a little bit…

Question 25

Hamilton's rule

Answer 25

Helpers are likely those who have a very low ability to reproduce

Question 26

Parthenogenesis

Answer 26

Females who can asexually reproduce

Question 27

Adaptionist Approach

Answer 27

You can't always tell why a behavior comes about, but you can infer some of the benefits

Question 28

Adaptation

Answer 28

Hereditary trait that spreads throughout a population by natural selection and replaces an alternative trait

Question 29

Convergent evolution

Answer 29

Similar selective pressures to lead to similar evolution of traits

Question 30

Divergent evolution

Answer 30

Shared ancestry, divergent behavior

Question 31

Dilution effect

Answer 31

Safety in numbers for prey

Question 32

Selfish herd

Answer 32

Even if it would be safer to spread out, their own self interests ask them to stay in the group (kind of still tied to game theory)

Question 33

Optimality theory

Answer 33

Of 10 (Lec 5)

Question 34

War of attrition

Answer 34

Outlasting the loser

Question 35

Dear enemy effect

Answer 35

Once residents know who's who, fighting occurs less often

Question 36

Conditional strategy

Answer 36

One not based on genes, but environmental conditions

Question 37

Runaway selection

Answer 37

Sexual selection for traits which can increase fitness of an individual

Question 38

Parental sex bias

Answer 38

If one sex or another begins to be more efficient in parenting, then they will be given the task

Question 39

Trivers-Willard Theory

Answer 39

A sex bias for those who are parented may occur based on possible success of those offspring

Question 40

Ethology

Answer 40

The classic, natural study of animal behavior