Intro

Question 1

4 biological explanations of behavior.

Answer 1

Physiological explanation
Ontogenetic explanation
Evolutionary explanation
Functional explanation

Question 2

Physiological explanation

Answer 2

Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs. It deals with the machinery of the body.

Question 3

Ontogenetic explanation

Answer 3

Describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

Question 4

Evolutionary explanation

Answer 4

Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior. The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modification of something found in ancestral species.

Question 5

Functional explanation

Answer 5

Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

Question 6

Mind-body problem

Answer 6

The question of how mind relates to brain activities.

Question 7

Dualism

Answer 7

The idea that minds are one type of substance and matter is another.

Question 8

Rene Descartes

Answer 8

I think therefor I am.
Cogito ergo sum.
Pineal gland- seat of the soul

Question 9

Monism

Answer 9

The ideal that universe consist only one type of being.

Question 10

3 forms of monism.

Answer 10

Materialism
Mentalist
Identity position

Question 11

Materialism

Answer 11

Everything that exists is material or physical.
Primary claim, that people’s common sense understanding of the mind is false and that certain classes of mental states that most people believe in do not exist.
Our mind is a figment or our imagination.

Question 12

Mentalism

Answer 12

The view that only the mind really exists and the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it.

Question 13

Identity position

Answer 13

The view that mental processes are the same thing as certain kinds of brain processes but are described in different terms.
Every mental experience is a mental activity, even though descriptions of thoughts around very different from descriptions of brain activity.
The mind is brain activity, mental activity is what happens in the brain.

Question 14

Phrenology

Answer 14

The detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental ability.
Franz Gall
Localization of function

Question 15

Gregor Mendel

Mendelian Genetics

Answer 15

Mendel demonstrated that inheritance occurs through genes.

Question 16

Genes

Answer 16

Units of heredity that maintain their structural indenture from one generation to another. As a rule, genes come in pairs because they are aligned along chromosomes that also come in pair.

Question 17

Chromosome

Answer 17

A threadlike structure of nucleus acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Question 18

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 18

DNA
A molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

Question 19

Ribonucleic acid

Answer 19

RNA is polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
RNA and DNA are nucleic acid, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the 4 major macromolecules essential for all known form of life.

Question 20

Genotype

Answer 20

An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it carries.

Question 21

Phenotype

Answer 21

An organism’s phenotype is all the observable characteristics – which influenced both by its genotype and environment.

Question 22

Homozygous

Answer 22

Anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes is homozygous for that gene.

Question 23

Heterozygous

Answer 23

Any one with an unmatched pair of genes I’d heterozygous for that gene.

Question 24

Dominant genes

Answer 24

Dominate gene show a strong effect in either monozygous or heterozygous condition.

Question 25

Recessive genes

Answer 25

Recessive gene only show its effect in homozygous condition.

Question 26

Sex- linked genes

Answer 26

Genetic linkage has to do with the X and Y chromosomes. These not only carry the genes that determine male and female traits but also those for other characteristics as well. Genes that are carried by either Sex chromosome are said to be sex linked.

Question 27

Autosomal genes

Answer 27

Other than sex-liked gene, all the other chromosomes are autosomal genes.

Question 28

Sex- limited genes

Answer 28

Present in both sex but active mainly in one sex.

Chest hair, breast size…

Question 29

Heritability

Answer 29

Heritability is a statistic used in breeding and genetic works that estimates how much variation Ina phenotypic trait in a population is due to genetic variation among individuals in that population.
Is the variation in some characteristic depend largely on genetic differences, the characteristic has high heritability.

Question 30

Monozygotic twins

Answer 30

Identical twins

From one egg

Question 31

Dizygotic twins

Answer 31

Fraternal twins

From two eggs

Question 32

Evolution

Answer 32

Evolution is a change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population.

Question 33

Lamarckism revolution

Answer 33

Evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics
WRONG

Question 34

Epigenetic

Answer 34

Epic emetic deal with changes in gene expression.
Caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.
Various experiences can turn a gene on or off.
Even when individuals have virtually the same genes and apparently the same environment, they can turn out differently, and the mechanism is epigenetic.

Question 35

Charles Darwin

Answer 35

Survival of the fittest
We did not evolve better
We evolve differently

Question 36

Evolutionary (sociobiology) Psychology

Answer 36

Evolutionary psychology concerns how behaviors evolved.

Question 37

Why do biological psychologists and neuroscientists study on humans?

Answer 37

1. The underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar cross species and are easier to study in nonhuman species.
2. We are interested in animals for their won sake.
3. What we learn about animal sheds light on human evolution.
4. Certain experiments cannot use human subjects because legal or ethical restrictions.

Question 38

IACUC

Answer 38

Institutional animal care and use committee

Question 39

The three R rules

Answer 39

Reduction- of animal number
Replacement- using computer models or other substitutes for animal, when possible
Refinement- modifying the procedures to reduce pain and discomfort.