intro

Question 1

how many types of AAs are there

Answer 1

20- all have a similar structure

Question 2

what sets AAs apart from each other and how do these differences alter function

Answer 2

differences in side chains cause hydrophobism and hydrophilia. they also ionise the AAs

Question 3

define primary structure

Answer 3

the initial sequence chain of AAs coding for a protein

Question 4

define secondary structure

Answer 4

the primary structure folds into alpha helixes and beta sheets

Question 5

define tertiary structure

Answer 5

the overall 3D shape of a protein

Question 6

define quaternary structure

Answer 6

a protein composed of different tertiary subunits

Question 7

what is an eg of a quaternary structure

Answer 7

a RBC- they have 4 Hb subunits

Question 8

give 4 examples of structural proteins

Answer 8

1. keratin
2. chitin
3. collagen
4. cartilage

Question 9

where would keratin be found

Answer 9

hair and nails

Question 10

where would collagen be found

Answer 10

connective tissue and skin

Question 11

where would chitin be found

Answer 11

insect shells

Question 12

where would cartilage be found

Answer 12

nose, ears and shark fins

Question 13

give 3 examples of functional proteins

Answer 13

1. venom toxins
2. channel proteins
3. enzymes

Question 14

give an example of a venom toxin

Answer 14

bungarotoxin- found in snakes

Question 15

give an example of a channel protein

Answer 15

ion channel (used to transport ions along their concentration gradient)

Question 16

give and example of an enzyme

Answer 16

amylase- used to aid digestion

Question 17

what is a Q value

Answer 17

the value used to show the effect of temperature on a reaction

Question 18

how is a Q value calculated

Answer 18

Q10= Rt/Rt(-10)

Question 19

what does Q10 stand for in the Q10 equation

Answer 19

the rate of reaction with a 10ºC increase

Question 20

what does the first Rt stand for in the Q10 equation

Answer 20

the base reaction rate

Question 21

what does Rt(-10) stand for in the Q10 equation

Answer 21

the reaction rate at a temperature -10ºC to that of the base rate

Question 22

what is the composition of ATP

Answer 22

adenosine, ribose (5c), phosphate (3)

Question 23

how is energy released from ATP

Answer 23

high energy and between the phosphates is broken

Question 24

where does glycolysis take place

Answer 24

in the cytoplasm

Question 25

does glycolysis require O2

Answer 25

NO

Question 26

where does the krebs cycle take place

Answer 26

in the mitochondrial matrix

Question 27

define oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 27

the process by which energy is released by the oxidation of nutrients

Question 28

define a tight junction

Answer 28

structures which prevent solutes from entering the inter-cellular space. they ensure solutes are absorbed/released into and from the correct parts of the cells

Question 29

what is the invertebrate equivalent of tight junctions

Answer 29

septate junctions

Question 30

what are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 30

1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth muscle

Question 31

what is the function of skeletal muscle

Answer 31

to move the skeleton

Question 32

what is the function of cardiac muscle

Answer 32

to pump blood round the body

Question 33

how does cardiac muscle contract in unison- refer to flow of ions between cells

Answer 33

gap junctions endure all cells are interconnected allowing ions to pass freely through them. if one cell become polarised, all of them do and the heart contracts in synchrony

Question 34

what is the function of smooth muscle

Answer 34

to line organs and contract as needed to fulfil the organs' functions

Question 35

how do cells become classified as tissue

Answer 35

when they are grouped in an extracellular matrix and are connected to structural proteins by glycoproteins

Question 36

how many guts do insects have

Answer 36

3 in a 3 gut system

Question 37

how do tube worms create food from hydrogen sulphide

Answer 37

via symbiotic microbes called trophsomes

Question 38

how is waste excreted in insects

Answer 38

via the malphigian tube in the anus

Question 39

what is simultaneous hermaphrodity- refer to slugs

Answer 39

when both parties in sex fertilise each others eggs with their own sperm

Question 40

in which animals is simultaneous hermaphrodity practised

Answer 40

slugs and snails