Intro and Methods

Question 1

Causality

Answer 1

Being able to say that 1 variable is a direct result of another variable

Question 2

Construal

Answer 2

How people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the world around them

Question 3

Construct

Answer 3

An intangible representation of a behavior or phenomenon around which research is based

Question 4

Control: group:

Answer 4

group with set of base variables that do not change

Question 5

Correlation:

Answer 5

Relationship between two variables, can be -1:1

Question 6

Debriefing:

Answer 6

Must occur after all experiments where there is deception

Question 7

Demand Characteristics:

Answer 7

A bias where experimenters expectation causes the subjects to perform in the demanded way

Question 8

Experimental group:

Answer 8

Compared against control group usually by changing 1 or 2 variables

Question 9

Experimental study:

Answer 9

type of study that infers causality and attempts to explain behavior

Question 10

External Validity:

Answer 10

When what you see is caused by real factors, things that are happening are representative of real life

Question 11

Field study:

Answer 11

Study outside of a lab, usually some form of observation

Question 12

Generalizability:

Answer 12

A way of seeing the if findings of your study are repeatable and applicable across many situations

Question 13

Hindsight bias:

Answer 13

Bias where we all claim to have acted in a certain way in the past because we “knew” something would happen

Question 14

Hypothesis:

Answer 14

A specific way to test a theory, idea about how a variable is affected by another variable

Question 15

Informal consent:

Answer 15

What participants must give to participate in a study

Question 16

Institutional Review Board:

Answer 16

Board that reviews ethics of experiments

Question 17

Internal Validity:

Answer 17

Confirmation that what is happening is happening for a specific reason you are in control of

Question 18

Longitudinal study:

Answer 18

type of observation that involves repeated observations over a long period of time

Question 19

Naturalistic Observation:

Answer 19

Collection of data without affecting an environment

High in EV, but no private events, no control, and observer bias all are weaknesses

Question 20

Operationalization:

Answer 20

Physical interpretation of a construct that is both tangible and testible

Question 21

Study:

Answer 21

A scientific experiment

Question 22

Placebo effect:

Answer 22

Thinking you took something that you didn’t actually take which causes you to act differently

Question 23

Random Assignment:

Answer 23

Essential in experiments

Question 24

Statistical significance:

Answer 24

When an experiment produces results that have numerical value

Question 25

Survey:

Answer 25

Way of testing, gets correlation but NOT causation Pro: Can ask about taboo topics, and cheap Con: lots of biases, no causation

Question 26

What is science?

Answer 26

Logical, repeatable, vulnerable to disconfirmation Result of systematic observation, public verification, and solvable problems

Question 27

Which types of studies yield correlational data? Which types yield causal data?

Answer 27

Correlational: Survey Causal: Experiment

Question 28

What are some possible flaws in different types pf psychological studies?

Answer 28

Bias, and experimental demand

Question 29

How do you determine of the results of your study are valid?

Answer 29

Follow the scientific method, and repeat the study and look for similar results

Question 30

What are the goals of science, relate to experiments?

Answer 30

Describe, explain, and predict behavior, Describe: observational Explain: Experiment Predict: Survey

Question 31

How do we conduct ethical research?

Answer 31

``` Informed consent Debrief patients Worthwhile research Confidentiality Minimize discomfort ```