intro; ch.1

Question 1

teological

Answer 1

explains the end result or final causes

Question 2

mechanical

Answer 2

explains the phenomenon of nature on the principles of physical processes
-sequence of events

Question 3

what is the definition of physiology

Answer 3

study of the mechanisms by which living organisms’ function
-knowledge of nature
-examination of the integration between systems

Question 4

what is the biological level of organization?

Answer 4

-cells-tissue-organ-organ system-whole body

Question 5

intracellular fluid

Answer 5

fluid inside the cell, typically made of water or cytoplasm

Question 6

extracellular fluid

Answer 6

directly surrounds cells, acts as buffer between cells and the outside world
-internal environment of the body
-acts as the environment of the cell
-provides nutrients, communicates with the external environment

Question 7

what are the subdivisions of extracellular fluid

Answer 7

plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 8

extracellular fluid
-plasma

Answer 8

liquid around a blood cell
location: blood vessels

Question 9

extracellular fluid
-interstitial fluid

Answer 9

water outside of all other cells

Question 10

homeostasis

Answer 10

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
-not always constant, keep within a range
-goal: keep ECF stable to maintain a cells homeostasis

Question 11

cells need a constant

Answer 11

influx of nutrients and properly remove wastes

Question 12

maintenance of cells:

Answer 12

• concentration of nutrients (glucose, aa, vitamins, lipids)
• concentration of gases ( O2, CO2)
• concentration of wastes (urea, ammonia)
• concentration of water and salt (osmolarity)
• pH (7.4)
• temp (37 C/ 98.6F)

Question 13

stability:

Answer 13

balance between outputs and inputs achieve maintenance

Question 14

illness

Answer 14

deficit, not maintaining homeostasis

Question 15

setpoint

Answer 15

range/value where life occurs

Question 16

control pathways try to maintain a…

Answer 16

near constant setpoint
-normal deviations do exist

Question 17

negative feedback systems

Answer 17

move the variable toward the intitial setpoint

Question 18

homeostasis of cells

Answer 18

1.stability: balance between outputs and inputs achieve maintenance
2. complete constancy is not maintained, only kept a narrow range
3. control pathways try to maintain a near constant setpoint
4. in negative feedback systems, changes move the constant toward the initial setpoint
5. set points can be physiologically reset, raised, or lowered
6. not everything can be homeostatically
maintained so variables are ranked in hierarchy

Question 19

set point

Answer 19

range/ value where life occurs

Question 20

disease state

Answer 20

inability to maintain homeostasis leads to a pathological condition

Question 21

pathophysiology:

Answer 21

study of disease state

Question 22

2 types of responses

Answer 22

• local control
  -feedback

Question 23

local control

Answer 23

-isolated changes occur within a tissue
-stimulus and control occur within the same area
-no response loop

Question 24

feedback loop

Answer 24

-long distance communication
-stimulus and response are not necessarily together

Question 25

two types of feedback loops

Answer 25

-negative feedback and positive feedback

Question 26

negative feedback loop

Answer 26

regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change -stimulus is detected by sensors in the body. an effector (organ of response) carries out a response that *tries* to reverse the trend of the stimulus - the response tries to maintain the characteristics of the ECF

Question 27

positive feedback group

Answer 27

regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that continues to drive the variable further from a normal state. does not maintain homeostasis

Question 28

physiological control

Answer 28

system keeps regulated variables within a desired range (setpoint) during homeostasis