Intro Chapters 1,2 Flashcards
(46 cards)
What is the study of how the body works, from molecular mechanisms within cells to the actions fo tissues, organs and systems, and how the organism as a whole accomplishes particular tasks essnetial for life?
Physiology
Is a theory a simple conjecture?
No, they are statements about the natural world that incorporate a number of proven hypotheses.
What is the null hypothesis?
A hypothesis counter to an “experimental hypothesis” - stating that differences found in an experiment between the control group and the experimental gorup are due to chance.
What is a reaction that causes a decrease in function? Or, it causes the output of the system to be lessened?
Negative Feedback Loop
What is an action of effectors that amplifies the changes that stimulated the effectors of a system?
Positive Feedback Loop
What are the 2 general categories of regulatory mechanisms controlling homeostasis?
Intrinsic: built into the organs being regulated (such as molecules produced in the walls of blood vessels that cuase vessel dilation or constriction.
Extrinsic: as in regulatoion of an organ by the nerbous and endocrine systems
Regulation by the endocrine system is achieved by the secretion of chemical regulatros called:
hormones
Where is insulin secreted from?
Pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans
What hormone is released when blood glucose rises and which hormone is released when blood glucose falls? What is a brief descriptions of what they do?
Blood Glucose rises: Insulin is released. Causes the cells to uptake more glucose, causing blood glucose to fall
Blood glucose Falls: Glucagon is released. Causes process in the liver to breakdown glycogen and release into the blood stream to increase blood glucose.
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Which 2 types of muscle tissues have striations?
Skeletal and Cardiac
What are the special areas of contact between adjacent cardiac muscles?
Interacalated discs
Where are places smooth muscle is found?
digestive tract
blood vessels
bronchioles
ducts of urinary and reproductive systems
This coordnated wavelike contraction of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers that allows smooth muscle to push something through the lumen?
Peristalsis
What 2 “forms” do epithelial tissues take?
Membranes and Glands
Specialized unicellular glands dispersed among columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus?
goblet cells
These hairlike structures can move in a coordinated fashion to aid in the function of organs like the respiratory passage or uterine tubes of female:
cilia
What are basement membranes, and what are they mainly consisted of?
Basement membrane - protiens and polysaccharides attached to the connective tissues that connects the epithelial layer to the connective tissues
Made primarily of collagen.
Examples of Exocrine glands:
Lacrimal glands: Tears
Sebaceous glands: oil for hair
Sweat galnds: Eccrine - normal sweat, and Apocrine - located in armpits and pubic area
All of the glands that secrete into the difestrive tract
Liver and Pancrease (exocrine and Endocrine)
Sexual parts (exocrine and Endocrine)
What are the 4 types of connective tissues?
Connective Tissue Proper
Blood
Carilage
Bone
What are the 3 types of Proper Connective Tissue?
Loose connective Tissue: protein fivers composed of collagen are scattered loosely in the ground substance (Dermis of skin)
Dense Regular: collagenous fibers are oriented parallel to each other and densely packed in teh extracellular matrix. Ex: Tendons (bone-bone) and Ligaments (bone-muscle)
Dense irregular: forming tough capsules and sheaths around organs containing densely packed collagenous fibers arranged in various orientations that resist forces applied from different directions.
Type of cartilage cell?
Chondrocyte - imparts elastic properties to teh tissue. Supportive and protective tissue.
What are the different bone cells and structure?
Lamellae - conscentric layers of bone around the blood vessel
Bone forming cell - osteoblast
Cavity trapping an osteoblast - lacuna
Trapped osteoblast (that probably eats away at bone also) - osteocyte
Lifeline that extends from the cell to the blood vessel - canaliculi
This whole unit of bone structure (everything above!) - haversion system or osteon
