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Bio 465 - Physio > Intro Chapters 1,2 > Flashcards

Intro Chapters 1,2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of how the body works, from molecular mechanisms within cells to the actions fo tissues, organs and systems, and how the organism as a whole accomplishes particular tasks essnetial for life?

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Is a theory a simple conjecture?

A

No, they are statements about the natural world that incorporate a number of proven hypotheses.

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3
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis counter to an “experimental hypothesis” - stating that differences found in an experiment between the control group and the experimental gorup are due to chance.

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4
Q

What is a reaction that causes a decrease in function? Or, it causes the output of the system to be lessened?

A

Negative Feedback Loop

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5
Q

What is an action of effectors that amplifies the changes that stimulated the effectors of a system?

A

Positive Feedback Loop

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6
Q

What are the 2 general categories of regulatory mechanisms controlling homeostasis?

A

Intrinsic: built into the organs being regulated (such as molecules produced in the walls of blood vessels that cuase vessel dilation or constriction.

Extrinsic: as in regulatoion of an organ by the nerbous and endocrine systems

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7
Q

Regulation by the endocrine system is achieved by the secretion of chemical regulatros called:

A

hormones

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8
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

A

Pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans

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9
Q

What hormone is released when blood glucose rises and which hormone is released when blood glucose falls? What is a brief descriptions of what they do?

A

Blood Glucose rises: Insulin is released. Causes the cells to uptake more glucose, causing blood glucose to fall

Blood glucose Falls: Glucagon is released. Causes process in the liver to breakdown glycogen and release into the blood stream to increase blood glucose.

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial

Muscle

Connective

Nervous

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

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12
Q

Which 2 types of muscle tissues have striations?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac

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13
Q

What are the special areas of contact between adjacent cardiac muscles?

A

Interacalated discs

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14
Q

Where are places smooth muscle is found?

A

digestive tract

blood vessels

bronchioles

ducts of urinary and reproductive systems

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15
Q

This coordnated wavelike contraction of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers that allows smooth muscle to push something through the lumen?

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

What 2 “forms” do epithelial tissues take?

A

Membranes and Glands

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17
Q

Specialized unicellular glands dispersed among columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus?

A

goblet cells

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18
Q

These hairlike structures can move in a coordinated fashion to aid in the function of organs like the respiratory passage or uterine tubes of female:

A

cilia

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19
Q

What are basement membranes, and what are they mainly consisted of?

A

Basement membrane - protiens and polysaccharides attached to the connective tissues that connects the epithelial layer to the connective tissues

Made primarily of collagen.

20
Q

Examples of Exocrine glands:

A

Lacrimal glands: Tears

Sebaceous glands: oil for hair

Sweat galnds: Eccrine - normal sweat, and Apocrine - located in armpits and pubic area

All of the glands that secrete into the difestrive tract

Liver and Pancrease (exocrine and Endocrine)

Sexual parts (exocrine and Endocrine)

21
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissues?

A

Connective Tissue Proper

Blood

Carilage

Bone

22
Q

What are the 3 types of Proper Connective Tissue?

A

Loose connective Tissue: protein fivers composed of collagen are scattered loosely in the ground substance (Dermis of skin)

Dense Regular: collagenous fibers are oriented parallel to each other and densely packed in teh extracellular matrix. Ex: Tendons (bone-bone) and Ligaments (bone-muscle)

Dense irregular: forming tough capsules and sheaths around organs containing densely packed collagenous fibers arranged in various orientations that resist forces applied from different directions.

23
Q

Type of cartilage cell?

A

Chondrocyte - imparts elastic properties to teh tissue. Supportive and protective tissue.

24
Q

What are the different bone cells and structure?

A

Lamellae - conscentric layers of bone around the blood vessel

Bone forming cell - osteoblast

Cavity trapping an osteoblast - lacuna

Trapped osteoblast (that probably eats away at bone also) - osteocyte

Lifeline that extends from the cell to the blood vessel - canaliculi

This whole unit of bone structure (everything above!) - haversion system or osteon

25
Q

What are the 3 embryonic tissue layers?

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

26
Q

2/3 of the body’s water weight is found in which compartment, intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular

27
Q

What is a proton donor?

What is a proton acceptor?

A

Donor - Acid

Acceptor - base

28
Q

Which two molecules usually maintain blood pressure homeostasis?

A

Bicarbonate (HC03)

Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

29
Q

What is it called when blood pH falls below 7.35, What is it called whne blood pH rises above pH 7.45?

A

Acidosis

Alkalosis

30
Q

What are the common Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose: Glucose and fructose

Lactose: Glucose and galactose

Maltose: Glucose-Glucose

31
Q

4 types of polysaccharides of repeating glucose

A

Starch - found in plants

Glycogen

Cellulose

Chitin - exoskeleton of arthropods

32
Q

Why can humans digest glycogen but not Cellulose?

A

Glycogen is formed through a chain of glucose molecules linked through alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds. We have enzymes that can break this down.

However, cellulose is formed through a chain of glucose molecules linked through beta-1,4 glycosidic linkes. Cows, horses, and sheep can break this down.

33
Q

What type of reaction is a glycodic linkage?

A

Dehydration (condensation) reaction. Water is lost (H2O)

  • A hydration is removed from 1 monosaccharide and a Hydroxy (-OH) is removed the other one.
  • Reverse is a Hydrolysis - water molecule is split to seperate the 2 monosaccs
34
Q

What 4 molecules create a triglyceride?

A
  • 1 glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)
  • 3 molecules of fatty acids
35
Q

Trans Fats lower what types of cholesterol?

A

HDL Cholesterol (Good kind),

(But they raise LDL Cholesterol, the bad kind)

36
Q

Which type of bond forms from glycerol and fatty acid dehydration?

A

Ester bond

37
Q

A rapid breakdown of fat cells can lead to what? (Can be found in urine)

A

Ketone bodies - usually formed from the rapid breakdown of fats (Low carb diet and uncrotlled diabetes)

38
Q

Which type of molecule has a glycerol bound to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate (which is then attached to something else usually)?

A

Phospholipid

39
Q

Being amphipathic means…?

A

You’re part polar and part nonpolar.

40
Q

Which bond if formed from a dehydration reaction connecting The N-terminal (Amino) and the C-terminal (Carboxyl) of 2 molecules?

A

Peptide bond

41
Q

What type of bonding forms the secondary structures of proteins? What are the 2 possible types of secondary structure?

A
  1. hydrogen bonding
  2. Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
42
Q

What type of bonding forms the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Several weak bonding - hydrogen, ionic, Van Der Waals

43
Q

What type of bonding forms the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

Covalent bonding - between mulitple polypeptide chains.

44
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Pyrimidine - 1 ring
    • Cytosine and Thymine
  • Purine - 2 rings
    • Guanin adenine
45
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can form between Guanine and Cytosine

How many hydrogen bonds can form between Adenin and Thymine

A

3 Bonds

2 Bonds

46
Q
A

Bio 465 - Physio (16 decks)

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