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Intro- Diebs Flashcards

1
Q

How many microorganisms do we eat per minute and per day?

A

5-10

7000-14000

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2
Q

Where are defensins found and what do they fight against?

A

Skin and Mucosal epithelial

  • Bacteria, fungi, protozoan, parasites and viruses
  • kills cells and disables viruses
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3
Q

Where are cathelicidin found and what do they fight against?

A

Mucosal epithelia

  • Disrupts membrane bacteria
  • toxic intracellular
  • kills cells
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4
Q

What type of cells secrete cathelicidin and defensins?

A

leukocytes and epithelial cells

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5
Q

What are Cathelicidins?

A

Cationic Helical Bactericidal Proteins

  • Alpha helical proteins
  • expressed in PMN as well
  • expressed in Macs as well
  • found in the lysosomes of these cells
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6
Q

What are Defensins?

A

Beta strand peptides connected by disulfide bonds

  • also cationic antimicrobial peptides
  • make invading cells more permeable, resulting in dealth
  • also modulated inflammatory responses
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7
Q

What cytokines help to differentiate myeloid progenitor cells?

A

IL-3

GM-CSF

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8
Q

What cytokines help to differentiate lymphoid progenitors cells?

A

IL-7

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9
Q

What WBC’s mature in the thymus?

A

T Cells both helper and cytotoxic

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10
Q

Where do B-cells mature in the body?

A

BM

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11
Q

What progenitors make up the adaptive immune system/

A

Only lymphoid

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12
Q

WHere do hematopoietic stem cells start growing during gestation and where do the end up and stay?

A

IN the liver at around 6 weeks

-Once mature they make their way to the long bones marrow

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13
Q

what are cytokines and their purpose?

A

To communicate and coordinate action between cells

  • they are proteins are glycoproteins
  • they are secreted usually by cells of the immune system
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14
Q

What cytokines can be secreted from non-immune cells?

A

TNF- Tumor necrosis factor
IFN-interferons
- ex epithelial cells
- most cytokines are secreted when cells become active as part of response to infection

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15
Q

What are the interferons?

A

INF-a
INF-b
INF-y
IL-10

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16
Q

What are INF’s function?

A

Cytokines important for limiting the spread of viral infections
- involved in other immune related responses

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17
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Large group of cytokines produced mainly by T-cells

- Cause neighboring cells to divide and diff

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18
Q

What are colony stimulating factors?

A

Directing the division and diff of bone marrow stem cells and precursor of blood leukocyte
- how many and what kind of leukocyte produced

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19
Q

What is a chemokine?

A

Used to direct the movement of leukocytes around the body

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20
Q

What is a tumor necrosis factor?

A

Mediated inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

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21
Q

What are transforming growth factors?

A

Regulates cell division and tissue repair

22
Q

What is the major signaling pathway for activating NFAT transcription factor ?

A

TCR–> PLCgamma1–> Calcineurin–> NFAT

23
Q

What does NFAT transcription factor activate and whats its function?

A

IT activated IL-2

  • Which stimulated T- Cells (helper, cytotoxic, regulatory) and NK’s
  • important to push cells to Treg
  • Turns T cells into effector and memory cells at the presence of Ag
  • may be involved with itchy psoriasis
24
Q

What is the function of Cyclosporine?

A

Immuno-suppressant

  • treat t-cell mediated autoimmune
  • treat organ transplant rejection
  • blocks Calcineurin
25
What is the pathway for activating AP-1 transcription factor?
Ras/MAP kinase cascade - Ras pathway important in many cellular dev and activation programs - Ras is stimulated by TCR-mediated signals which activated cascade of Map kinases to Produced Ap-1
26
What is the signaling pathway for PKC?
activated transcription factor NF-kB - important for many innate and adaptive immune processes - pro-inflammatory and activation rather than regulatory
27
What are the 6 classes of cytokines?
1. IL-1 2. Hematopoietic (class I) 3. Interferons (class II) 4. TNF 5. Chemokines 6. IL-17
28
What are the 3 common receptor subunits for hematopoietin family cytokines?
gamma beta gp130 - need specific alpha subunit receptor for sufficient binding
29
What are TNF-a and their function?
produced by activated macrophages (pro-inflammatory cytokine) - mediates septic shock - activated endothelium - Causes WBC recruitment - vascular leak
30
What is TNF-b and its function
Lymphotoxin alpha - produced by actived lymphocytes - delivers activation signals - binds neutrophils, osteoclasts and endothelial cells - can lead to increased expression of MHC and adhesion
31
What is the innate immune system and its function?
Does not require previous exposure Mediated by phagocytosis Recognizes PAMPs
32
What are PAMPs?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns | - LPS, Peptidoglycan, Flagellin, Bacterial DNA, Viral dsRNA
33
What are DAMPs?
Damage-associated molecular patterns | - intracellular proteins and protein fragments from extracellular matrix
34
What are Toll-Like-Receptors?
Type of Pattern Recognition Receptors - 13 of them on humans - controls innate immunity - ant/post diff as well - activated by PAMPs and DAMPs
35
What does the stimulation of TLR's initiate?
cascade that leads to activation - AP-1 - NF-kB - Interferon Regulatory factors - which ultimately leads to production of IFN, pro-inflam cytokines, effector cytokines
36
What is the common extracellular element of TLR's that binds PAMPs and DAMPs?
Leucine Rich Repeats | LRR
37
What does TLR4/4 bind too?
Gram-negative bacteria
38
What does TLR2/1 bind to?
Bacteria | parasites
39
What does TLR2/6 bind to?
Gram + bacteria | fungi
40
What does TRL11/11 bind to?
Uropathogenic bacteria
41
What does TRL5/5 bind to?
Flagellinated bacteria
42
What are the extracellular TLR's?
``` 4/4 2/1 2/6 11/11 5/5 ```
43
What are the intracellular TLR's?
``` 4/4 3/3 7/7 8/8 9/9 ```
44
What does TLR 4/4 bind to intracellularly?
Viral proteins
45
What does TLR 3/3 bind to?
Viral dsRNA
46
What does TLR 7/7 bind to?
Viral ssRNA
47
What does TLR 8/8 bind to?
viral ssRNA
48
What does TLR 9/9 bind to?
Bacterial DNA | viral DNA
49
What are some of the causes of NF-kB activation?
expression of pro-imflam genes - increased phagocytosis and synthesis of reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules of macrophages and neutrophils - increased efficiency of antigen presenting
50
Where are some of the specialized macrophages found?
``` Brain- Microglial Lung- alveolar macs Liver- Kupffer cells Blood- monocytes Splenic- Macrophages Kidney- Mesangial phagocytes Lymph node- Resident and recirculating macs Stem Cell- precursors Synovial- A cells ```

IHO (10 decks)

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