Intro, Gross Anatomy and Histology

Question 1

What structures make up the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Question 2

Why is the urinary system important?

Answer 2

It removes metabolic waste, regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure, helps to stabilise pH, reabsorbs small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides) and produces erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production)

Question 3

How are the kidneys peritonised?

Answer 3

Retroperitoneal

Question 4

At what level do the kidneys lie?

Answer 4

T12-L3

Question 5

Which kidney lies lower and why?

Answer 5

Right: due to the position of the liver

Question 6

Are kidney surgeries normally done from the anterior or the posterior?

Answer 6

Posterior

Question 7

Which nerves lie posterior to the kidneys and could be damaged during surgery?

Answer 7

Subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

Question 8

What structures surround the kidneys (from inside to out)?

Answer 8

Renal capsule > perirenal fat > renal fascia > pararenal fat

Question 9

What structures make up the internal structure of the kidneys (from cortex to ureter)

Answer 9

Medulla > pyramid > papilla > minor calyx > major calyx > pelvis > ureter

Question 10

What is the 1st constriction of the ureter

Answer 10

When the ureter passes over the inferior renal pole

Question 11

What is the 2nd constriction of the ureter?

Answer 11

When the ureter crosses over the external iliac vessels

Question 12

What is the 3rd constriction of the ureter?

Answer 12

Ureter transverses the bladder wall

Question 13

Which arteries supply the ureter?

Answer 13

Renal, ovarian/testicular and abdominal aorta

Question 14

Which veins drain the ureter?

Answer 14

Renal and ovarian/testicular veins

Question 15

Which structures enter the hilum of the kidney from anterior to posterior?

Answer 15

Vein > Artery > Pelvis

Question 16

Which arteries supply the kidneys?

Answer 16

Renal arteries which split into five branches which supply the segments of the kidneys

Question 17

What are the five segments of the kidneys?

Answer 17

Apical, anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posterior and inferior

Question 18

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 18

Renal veins (1 on each side) which drain into the IVC

Question 19

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 19

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

Question 20

What is the nerve supply to the kidneys?

Answer 20

Renal plexus:
Sympathetic - T10-L1
Sensory Afferent - T11-L2

Question 21

What embryological structure is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

Answer 21

Urachus

Question 22

What embryological structure are the medial umbilical folds a remnant of?

Answer 22

Occluded umbilical artery

Question 23

What embryological structure are the two lateral umbilical folds a remnant of?

Answer 23

Inferior epigastric vessels

Question 24

Which sphincter controls the release of urine from the urethra?

Answer 24

External urethral sphincter

Question 25

What are the parts of the male urethra?

Answer 25

Preprostatic, prostatic, intermediate/ membranous and spongy/penile

Question 26

Which part of the male urethra is the longest?

Answer 26

Spongy/penile

Question 27

Which nerve supplies the voluntary control of the sphincter urethrae?

Answer 27

Pudendal nerve

Question 28

Which part of the mal urethra does the vas deferens open into?

Answer 28

Prostatic

Question 29

Which type of nerve fibres constrict the detrusor muscle during micturition (urination)?

Answer 29

Parasympathetic fibres

Question 30

Which type of nerve fibres constrict the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculaton?

Answer 30

Sympathetic fibres

Question 31

Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in a male?

Answer 31

Membranous

Question 32

Which vertebral level does the transpyloric plane run through?

Answer 32

L1

Question 33

Which structures make up a nephron?

Answer 33

Renal corpuscle + renal tubules

Question 34

Which structures make up a renal corpuscle?

Answer 34

Glomerulus + bowmen's capsule

Question 35

Which structures make up a uniferous tubule?

Answer 35

Nephron + collecting duct

Question 36

What features of the cortex of the kidney that can be seen in histology?

Answer 36

Renal corpuscles, proximal/distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal) and collecting tubule

Question 37

What features of the medulla of the kidney can be seen in the histology?

Answer 37

Proximal/distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle (squamous epithelium) and the collecting tubule

Question 38

What features of the ureter can be seen in the histology?

Answer 38

Transitional epithelium, star shaped lumen, inner longitudinal smooth muscle and outer circular smooth muscle

Question 39

What features of the bladder can be seen in the histology?

Answer 39

Transitional epithelium, inner longitudinal smooth muscle, middle circular smooth muscle and outer longitudinal