intro inflammation and immunity Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
what are the three R’s of immune system function?
A
- Recognize non self
- Respond to the threat
- Remember for quicker response in the future
2
Q
what are antigens?
A
-foreign proteins that stimulate an immune response
3
Q
what are antibodies?
A
-immuno-reactive protein made in response to exposure to a foreign antigen
4
Q
what is a pathogen?
A
-disease causing microorganism
5
Q
where are B lymphocytes born and where do they mature?
A
-born and go to school in bone marrow
6
Q
where are T lymphocytes born and where do they mature?
A
- born in bone marrow
- go to school in thymus
7
Q
what do B-Cells do?
A
-they are plasma cells that make antibodies specific to each antigen
8
Q
what are the two types of T cells?
A
- Cytotoxic lymphocytes
- T-helper cells
9
Q
what type of T-cell is CD-8?
A
- cytotoxic
- kill things
10
Q
what type of T-cell is CD-4?
A
- T-helper
- regulate immune response
11
Q
what T-cell is considered the traffic cop of the immune system?
A
T-helper lymphocytes
12
Q
what does CD-4 count help determine?
A
- damage from AIDs
- lower count means bad
13
Q
what are the two kinds of phagocytes?
A
- macrophages
- neutrophils
14
Q
what do macrophages and neutrophils have in common?
A
-both ingest pathogens and cellular debris
15
Q
which phagocyte presents antigens to lymphocytes?
A
macrophages
16
Q
which phagocyte kills itself after ingesting pathogens?
A
neutrophils
17
Q
in general, what is the first line of defense?
A
- non specific
- chemical or physical barriers
18
Q
in general, what is the second line of defense?
A
- non specific
- cellular level
19
Q
in general, what is the third line of defense?
A
- specific
- immunity
20
Q
what lines of defense are innate and which are adaptive?
A
- lines 1 and 2 are innate
- line 3 is adaptive
21
Q
what are the characteristics of innate immunity?
A
- natural resistance youre born with
- non-specific
- non-inducible
- no memory produced
- acts early in immune response
22
Q
what are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?
A
- responds less rapid, but more effective
- specific
- inducible
- shows memory
- shows self tolerance(will not attach itself)
23
Q
what is it called if the adaptive immunity is not self-tolerable?
A
auto immunity
24
Q
What are the three main components of first line?
A
- Skin-physical and chemical
- Digestive-more chemical with HCL
- Respiratory-hair and mucus
25
what bacteriolytic agent do tears contain? sweat?
- tears:lysozyme
| - Sweat:dermcidin
26
what two things are dual non-specific and specific roles?
- phagocytes (macrophages only)
| - complement proteins
27
what things are included in the second line of defense?
- inflammatory response
- phagocytosis
- antimicrobial proteins
28
which phagocyte activates immunity?
macrophages
29
what do complement proteins do?
-coat invaders to attract phagocytes
30
which complement protein pathway is specific? non-specific?
Alternate pathway-non specific
| classical pathway-specific
31
what are the five steps of inflammation?
1. initial phagocytosis
2. capillaries dilate and become more permeable
3. foreign matter contained
4. more leukocytes migrate to area
5. Leukocytes clean infection
32
what are the four hallmarks of inflammation?
- Rubor(redness)
- Calor(heat)
- Tumor(swelling)
- Dolor (pain)
33
which hallmarks of inflammation are due to histamine?
- rubor
- calor
- tumor
34
what induces dolor?
-neural receptors are stimulated by kinins
35
what is chemotaxis?
-cytokines cause cells to move from blood to tissues
36
when do neutrophils arrive?
- rapid response
| - within 1 hour
37
when do macrophages arrive?
- within 10 hours
| - have to migrate to tissues
38
what is another term for macrophages?
- APC
| - antigen presenting cells
39
what are considered tissue macrophages?
- tonsils
- spleen
- nodes
40
where do cytokines travel to? what do they stimulate?
- travel to the bone marrow
| - stimulate production of lymphocytes to come replace the neutropils that are killing themselves
41
cytokines increase the number of WBC by how much?
4-5 times
42
what would a high WBC count indicate?
-inflammation or trauma
43
what triggers phagocytes to release cytokines>
attachment of antigen to phagocytes
44
what is the primary action of interleukins and TNF?
communication between white blood cells
45
what is the primary action of ILs and TNFs in the hypothalamus? how is the process mediated?
- fever
| - prostaglandins
46
what is the function of IL-6?
- fever
| - induces acute-phase proteins from liver
47
what is the function og TNF-alpha?
- fever
| - mobilization of shock
48
what is the function of IL-1?
- fever
| - production of IL-6
49
what are CRPs?function?
- c-reactive proteins
| - bind to bacterial surface, opsonize bacteria and activate complement.
50
what is ESR?
-how fast RBC settle out?
51
what are the two things measured to determine inflammation?
1. CRP
| 2, ESF
52
what do complement proteins do?
- poke holes in bacteria via membrane attack complex (MAC attack)
- stimulate histamine release
- chemotaxis (scent for phagocytes)
- opsinization (increase eating)
53
what are the key players of the third line?
- macrophages
| - lymphocytes
54
what does Th (CD4) do?
regulate the immune system
55
what does Tc (CD8) do?
- kill cells
| - organ rejection
56
what do antibodies to?
-mark specific antigen for destruction
57
how many antibodies can each B cell make?
1
58
how many epitopes does an antigen have?
-many
59
what are the functions of antibodies?
1. Neutralize and agglutinate antigens
2. tag invaders for phagocytosis
3. activate complement
4. enhance natural killer cell activity
60
what is the largest antibody?
IgM
61
which antibody is very specific?
IgG
62
which antibody crosses the placenta?
IgG
63
which antibody is the least specific?
IgM
64
which two antibodies activate complements?
IgM
| IgG
65
which antibody is involved in secondary immune response?
IgG
66
which antibody is involved in primary immune response?
IgM
67
which antibody would you look for if you were recenty exposed to something? when you were exposed a while aho?
recent: IgM
| a while: IgG
68
which antibody is antiparasitic? deals with worms and allergies
IgE
69
which antibody crosses mucosal surfaces and is important for newborns?
IgA
70
what is the predominant antibody in the blood?
IgG
71
which antibody reacts with basophils and mast cells?
IgE
72
why is HIV so devastating?
it specifically targets CD4 (the immune system traffic cop)
| -all other things are functional, but without the traffic cop, it does not matter
73
primary immune response is primarily associated with what antibody?
IgM
74
what is the viral window?
period of time you have a pathogen without antibodies to stop it
75
how long does it take for the primary immune response to start?
about 2 weeks after first exposure
76
is the antibody in the primary immune response long lived?
nope.
77
are the symptoms of the illness present during the primary immune response or the secondary response?
the primary response!!!
78
what cells produce antibodies?
plasma cells!
| -b cells dont produce antibodies until they become plasma cells
79
the secondary immune response is in response to what?
subsequent exposures
80
secondary immune response is usually what antibody?
IgG
81
how long does it take for secondary immune response to occur? what is the exception?
- hours to days.
| - allergic reactions are the exception because they take place in minutes
82
the secondary immune response occurs due to what?
memory cells
83
which immune response is greater and more prolonged?
secondary immune response
84
if you wanted to tell if it was an acute or past illness, which antibody would you measure?
IgM
85
if you have an allergic response, could it be the first time you have been exposed to it?
no! that is a secondary immune response so you would have had to have been exposed before.
86
what is active immunity?
- subject actively produces their own antibodies
| - requires exposure to infectious agent (antigen)
87
what is natural active immunity?
getting a natural infection
88
what is artificial active immunity?
immunization with altered agent or it's antigens
89
is getting an immunization always active artificial?
nope. could be active or passive
90
what is passive immunity?
subject receives exogenous antibodies
| -does not confer long-term immunity
91
what is natural passive immunity?
mother-child
- IgG can cross the placenta
- IgA can go through Breast milk
92
what is artificial passive immunity?
immunization with antibodies
93
when would you get a passive artificial immunization?
when you get bit by a snake and need immediate attention
94
when would you get active and passive artificial immunizations?
RABIES
95
name the three hazards of immunity?
- inadvertent injury to the host
- development of autoimmunity
- hypersensitivity reactions
96
what antibodies are in blood?
IgM so it can't cross the placenta
| -that way if the baby has a different blood type the moms won't attack it
97
what is immune privilege?
area that can tolerate some antigens without eliciting an immune response
-these areas usually cannot tolerate inflammation
98
what types of hypersensitivity reactions are antibody mediated? cell mediated?
antibody mediated: allergy, cytotoxic, immune response
| Cell mediated: delayed
99
what is the clinical presentation of allergy/immediate hypersensitivity reaction?
- anaphylaxis
- atopy
- asthma
- hives
- hay fever
100
what is the mechanism for allergy hypersensitivity reaction?
-allergen cross links IgE and triggers degranulation
101
what is the clinical presentation of cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction?
- transfusion reaction
- immune hemolytic anemia
- graves disease
102
what antibody is associated with cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction?
IgG
103
what is the mechanism for cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction?
complement activating antibodies bind to cell and trigger lysis
104
what is the clinical presentation of immune complex hypersensitivity reaction? when is the onset?
- serum sickness
- poststrep pee blood
- 2-8 hours
105
what is the clinical presentation of delayed hypersensitivity reaction? when is the onset?
- TB skin test
- 24-72 hours
-mechanism: sensitized lymphocytes (cell mediated)
