Intro- Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
______ : reduction in total number of RBCs, amount of Hb or RBC mass in circulation
A
anemia
2
Q
________: increase in total number of RBCs, amount of Hb and RBC mass in circulation
A
Polycythemia
3
Q
______ variation in size, RDW > 14.5%
A
Anisocytosis
4
Q
_____ variation in shape
A
Poikilocytosis
5
Q
_____ increased in reticulocytes in the peripheral blood stream due to being released prematurely
A
Polychromasia
6
Q
______ central pallor > 1/3rd the size of RBC
A
Hypochromia
7
Q
_____ abnormally small RBCs
A
Microcytosis
8
Q
_____ abnormally large RBC’s
A
Macrocytosis
9
Q
_____ irregularly spiculated RBC (i.e. abetalipoproteinemia)
A
Acanthocyte
10
Q
_____ RBCs with short, regular spicules (i.e. uremia)
A
Echinocyte
11
Q
_____ RBC without central pallor (i.e.hereditary spherocytosis)
A
Spherocyte
12
Q
_____ Elliptical RBC (i.e. hereditary elliptocytosis)
A
Ovalocyte
13
Q
______ Fragmented, bi- or tripolar spiculated RBC (i.e DIC)
A
Schistocyte
14
Q
_____ bipolar spiculated RBC
A
sickle cell
15
Q
____ Mouth-like deformity
A
Stomatocyte
16
Q
_____ RBC with concentric circles (i.e. thalassemias)
A
Target cell
17
Q
____ Unipolar spiculated RBC (i.e. myelofibrosis)
A
tear drop
18
Q
Whole blood comprises ____ % of total body weight.
A
7-8%
19
Q
How many pints does the average male have? female?
A
male: 12 pints
female: 9 pints
20
Q
What are the 5 main functions of blood?
A
- oxygen and nutrient transportation
- carries waste to kidney & liver
- blood loss prevention - clotting
- immune response to fight infection
- body temperature regulation
21
Q
What are the 4 components of whole blood?
A
Plasma
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
aka: Erythrocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC)
aka: Leukocytes
Platelets (Plt)
aka: Thrombocytes
22
Q
What is another name for platelets?
A
thrombocytes
23
Q
The buffy coat is composed of ____ and ____
A
leukocytes and platelets
24
Q
What percent breakdown of blood?
A
plasma: 55%
Buffy coat: less than 1%
erythrocytes: 45%
25
Plasma is mostly composed of ___ and ____. Where is it absorbed from?
water (90%) and salt
intestinal lining
26
Where are blood cells primarily produced? Name two extramedullary sites
Primary: bone marrow
liver and spleen
27
Plasma is mainly _____. Name 6 other things that are also found in plasma?
water (90%)
proteins, hormones, insulin, electrolytes, nutrients, clotting factors
28
What shape is a normal RBC? Why is this important?
biconcave
very flexible so it can fold in on itself when needed to fit into small capillaries
29
What is the most abundant type of blood cell?
RBC
30
What are the two responsibilities of hemoglobin?
hgb carries oxygen from lungs to the tissue
hgb returns CO2 from the tissues to lungs
31
How long is the lifespan of a RBC?
120 days
32
RBC production is stimulated by _____
erythropoietin
33
Where is erythropoeitin made?
kidneys
34
What are the 5 types of WBCs?
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
35
What are the 4 broad functions of a WBC?
fight infections
foreign particles
provide immunity
immune responses
36
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
37
What are the two agranulocytes?
lymphocytes
monocytes
38
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?
less than 1 day
39
What is the precent breakdown of WBC?
Neutrophils: 60-70%
Lymphocytes: 20-30%
Monocytes: 1-6%
Eosinophils: 1-3%
Basophils: less than 1%
40
Which type of WBC kill bacteria, fungi and foreign debris?
neutrophils
41
Which type of WBC clean up damaged cells?
monocytes
42
Which type of WBC kill parasites, cancer cells and are involved in the allergic response?
eosinophils
43
Which type of WBC help fight viruses and make antibodies?
lymphocytes
44
Which type of WBC are involved in the allergic response?
basophils
45
define a platelet.
cell fragment without a nucleus
46
platelet production is stimulated by ______
thrombopoietin
47
What and where is throbopoietin found?
a hormone released by the liver and kidney
48
Where are extra platelets stored? what is the lifespan? What is the role of platelets?
spleen
7-10 days
assist in clotting
49
describe the CBC fishbone
50
What are all the components of a CBC
51
**_____: increased WBC
leukocytosis
52
**______: decreased WBC
leukopenia
53
_______: increase when the bone marrow has been signaled to produce more neutrophils due to the presence of infection
immature neutrophils (called a left shift, indicates an early/acute bacterial infection)
54
**______: increased RBC
erythrocytosis
55
**_______: decreased RBC
erythrocytopenia
56
What are the different variables for Hgb?
sex
age
high altitude
smokers
pregnancy
ethnicity
57
Will a male or female have a higher Hgb?
male is higher
58
Will a baby or elderly person have a higher Hgb?
higher Hgb in infants
59
Will high altitudes increase or decrease Hgb?
high altitude increases Hgb
60
Will smoking increase or decrease Hgb?
smoking increases Hgb
61
Will pregnancy increase or decrease Hgb?
pregnancy decreases Hgb
62
Define hematocrit
a ratio of the volume of RBC to the volume of blood
63
How do you calculate HCT?
Hct= Hgb X 3
64
What does mean corpuscular volume (MCV) reflect?
reflects individual size of RBC
65
**low MCV = _______. Cell size is (small/normal/large)
microcytosis
small cell size
66
** normal MCV = _______. Cell size is (small/normal/large)
normocytosis
normal cell size
67
** high MCV= ______. Cell size is (small/normal/large)
macrocytosis
large cell size
68
Define mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).
the amount (weight) of hemoglobin per RBC
69
what is low MCH, normal MCH, high MCH?
70
What is Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)?
average hgb concentration in each RBC
71
How does MCHC differ from MCH?
72
What does the RDW measure? What is it directly related to?
the percent of RBC that fall out of normal range in size
directly related to changes in MCV
73
_____ increased RDW in conditions that alter RBC size (high/low MCV) and with reticulocytosis
anisocytosis
74
**Define thrombocytopenia
low plt
75
**define thrombocytosis
high plts, they KNOW what is causes the plts to be high
76
**define thrombocythemia
high plts, but they DO NOT KNOW what is causes the plts to be high
77
The mean platelet volume (MPV) reflects ???
reflects the average size of platelets
78
What does an increase in MPV indicate?
increased plt production, younger platelets are larger in size
79
what does a decrease in MPV indicate?
diminished platelet production
80
What does a peripheral blood smear assess?
-manually assesses blood cell morphology and cell count
- visualization of neoplastic cells derived from bone marrow
81
what cell types are considered neoplastic?
lymphoid cell, myeloid cells
82
**abnormally shaped RBC is called _____
poikilocyte
83
a peripheral blood smear assesses plts for ____ and _____
size and clumping
84
a peripheral blood smear assesses RBC for what 5 things?
size, color(hgb), shape, inclusions, rbc distribution
85
a peripheral blood smear assesses WBC for what?
manual differential count
86
Howell Jolly bodies are associated with ______, _____ and _______. What type of inclusion?
hyposplenism, asplenism, severe hemolytic anemia
DNA
87
Heinz bodies are associated with ______, What type of inclusion?
G6PD deficiency
hemoglobin
88
Pappenheimer bodies are associated with ______, _____, _____ and _______. What type of inclusion?
Thalassemia, Sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, post-splenectomy
iron deposits
89
Hemoglobin H inclusion are associated with _______. What type of inclusion?
Hemoglobin H disease
hemoglobin
90
Basophilic Stippling are associated with ______, _____ , ______ and _______. What type of inclusion?
lead poisoning
thalassemia
sickle cell anemia
MDS
Ribosomes
91
When is osmotic fragility testing used?
used to measure erythrocyte resistance to hemolysis while being exposed to varying levels of dilution of a saline solution.
92
What are the normal findings of the osmotic fragility test?
93
When is hemoglobin electrophoresis used?
used as a screening test to identify normal and abnormal hemoglobins and assess their quantity. Different hgb types
94
Which lab values assess micro/macrocytosis?
MCV
95
Which lab value assesses hyperchromia?
MCH
96
