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CC challenge > Intro Logic > Flashcards

Intro Logic Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Logic

A

The science and art of reasoning well.

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2
Q

Law of excluded middle

A

Any statement is true or false.

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3
Q

Law of identity

A

If a statement is true, then it is true.

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4
Q

Law of non-contradiction

A

A statement cannot be both true and false

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5
Q

Formal logic

A

Deals with the proper modes of reasoning.

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6
Q

Informal logic

A

Deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning.

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7
Q

Induction

A

Reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules.

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8
Q

Deduction

A

Reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions.

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9
Q

3 Laws of thought

A

Law of excluded middle, law of identity, law of non-contradiction.

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10
Q

Term

A

Concept that is expressed precisely in words.

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11
Q

Definition

A

A statement that gives the meaning of a term.

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12
Q

Ambiguous word

A

A word that has more than one definition.

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13
Q

Vague word

A

A word whose extent is unclear.

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14
Q

Genus

A

A genus of a term is a term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it.

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15
Q

Species

A

A species of a term is a term that is more specific, narrow, or concrete than the original term and is included by it.

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16
Q

Extension

A

Extention is is becoming more vauge, abstract, or broad.

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17
Q

Intention

A

Intention is becoming more concrete, perscice, or narrow.

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18
Q

Rule for genus and species #1

A

A definition should sate the essential attributes of the term.

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19
Q

Rule for genus and species #2

A

Definition should not be circular.

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20
Q

Rule for genus and species #3

A

A definition should not be to broad or narrow.

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21
Q

Rule for genus and species #4

A

A definition should not be unclear or figurative.

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22
Q

Rule for genus and species #5

A

A definition should be stated positively, if possible.

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23
Q

Rule for genus and species #6

A

A definition should be the same part of speech as the term.

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24
Q

Statement

A

A sentence that can be either true or false

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25
Self-Supporting statement
A statement whose truth value can be determined from the statement itself.
26
Tautology
A statement that is always true by logical structure
27
Self-Contradiction
A statement that is false due to it's logical structure.
28
Supported statement
A statement whose truth value depends on evidence from information outside itself
29
Consistent
Two statements are consistent if they can both be true at the same time
30
Implication
Two statements are related by implication if the truth of one requires the truth of another
31
Logically equivalent
Two statements are logically equivalent if they imply one another
32
Independent
Two statements are independent if the truth or falsity of one has no effect on the truth or falsity of the other
33
Real dissagrement
An actual inconsistency between two statements: they cannot be true at the same time.
34
Apparent dissagrement
A difference of opinion or perception
35
Verbal dissagrement
A misunderstanding due to differing definitions for one or more words
36
The square of opposition
A diagram of the basic relationships between categorical statements with the same subject and predicate
37
A
All s are p
38
E
No s are p
39
I
Some s are p
40
O
Some s are not p
41
Contradiction
Two statements are in contradiction if they always have opposite truth values
42
Contrary
Two statements are contrary if and only if they can both be false but cannot both be true
43
Subcontraries
Two statements are subcontraries if and only if both can be true but both cannot be false
44
Subimplication
Is the relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular
45
Superimplication
Is the relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the universal
46
Arugement
An argument is a set of statements, one of which appears to be implied or supported by the others
47
Conclusion
The conclusion of an argument is the statement that appears to be implied by the other statements in the arguments which are called premises
48
Syllogism
A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises and three terms.
49
Categorical Statement
FIX THIS.
50
Major Term
Predicate of the conclusion
51
Minor Term
Subject of the conclusion
52
Middle Term
Found once in each premise
53
Major Premise
The premise containing the major term
54
Minor Premise
The premise containing the minor term
55
Schema
The schema of a syllogism is a representation of it, having statements in standard order with standard abbreviations of it's terms
56
Mood
The mood of a syllogism is a three-letter description of the types of categorical statements it contains when arranged in standard order
57
Figure
The figure of a syllogism is a number from 1 to 4 identifying the placement of its middle term
58
The Four Figures
M is P P is M M is P P is M | S is M S is M M is S M is S
59
Form
The form of a syllogism is the mood and figure of the syllogism
60
Valid
A syllogism is valid if and only if the premises imply the conclusion
61
Sound
A sound syllogism is valid and has true premises
62
Counterexample
A counterexample to a syllogism is a syllogism of the same form as the original, but with obviously true premises and a obviously false conclusion, in order to show the original one to be invalid
63
Distributed Term
A distributed term is a term that, within a statement, refers to all members of its category
64
3 rules for testing a syllogism
1 In at least one premise the middle term must be distributed 2 If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must be distributed in its premise 3 The syllogism must have exactly the same number of negative premises as negative conclusions
65
Immediate Inference
A statement that can be inferred directly from another statement
66
Converse
The converse of a statement is a statement that reverses the subject and predicate. It is only valid for E and I statements
67
Obverse
The obverse of a statement is a statement of the opposite quality with a negated predicate. It is valid for all statements
68
Compliment
The compliment of a term is the set of all therms not included in the given term.
69
Contrapositive
The contrapositive of a statement reverses the subject and predicate and negates both the subject and the predicate of them both. It is valid for A and O
70
Inclusive
An inclusive is a word, often a relative pronoun or adverb, that refers to a broad range of things or times
71
Exclusive
Exclusives are words that set boundaries, referring only to a limited class of things
72
Enthymeme
An Enthymeme is an argument in which a statement is unstated and assumed. Specifically, it is a syllogism with one assumed statement

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