Intro: Names And Definitions

Question 1

first to apply statistical methods to
the study of human differences and inheritance
of intelligence, and introduced the use of
Questionnaires and Surveys for collecting data
on human communities

Answer 1

Francis Galton

Question 2

Published 15 articles on statistical methods

Answer 2

Austin Bradford Hill

Question 3

application on statistics was published in physiology journal by?

Answer 3

DUNN

Question 4

Key influence for RCT of streptomycin for PTB

Answer 4

Bradford Hill

Question 5

did not employ statistical methods
- On Airs, Waters, and Places

Answer 5

Hippocrates

Question 6

Small pox inoculation, resolve therapeutic debates, risk benefit analysis

Answer 6

Edward Jenner

Question 7

published an anonymous pamphlet in 1722, in which he examined the London Bills of Mortality

Answer 7

John Arburthnot

Question 8

estimated that the chance of dying from naturally-occurring smallpox was 1:10.

Answer 8

John Arburthnot

Question 9

outbreak of scurvy

Answer 9

James Lind

Question 10

the (modern) “father” of the controlled clinical trial

Answer 10

James Lind

Question 11

one of the most prominent advocates for
applying the “numerical method” to medicine

Answer 11

Pierre - Charles - Alexandre Louis

Question 12

physician who used an analogy to maritime insurance

Answer 12

Benigno Risueño d’Amador

Question 13

claimed that relying on the numerical method would reduce the physician to “a shoemaker who after having measured the feet of a thousand persisted in fitting every one on the basis of the imaginary model.”

Answer 13

François Double

Question 14

trained as an engineer before becoming a physician and used probability mathematics by applying the concept of the confidence interval to medical statistics.

Answer 14

Jules Gavarret

Question 15

argued for his particular method of antiseptic surgery based on statistical studies

Answer 15

Joseph Lister

Question 16

developed many modern statistical techniques to study biological variation – such as curve-fitting and
goodness-of-fit tests, as well as methods for measuring correlation

Answer 16

Karl Pearson

Question 17

actively embrace Pearson’s recommendations

Answer 17

Major Greenwood

Question 18

first professor of epidemiology and vital statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Answer 18

Major Greenwood

Question 19

Created the “Bradford Hill Criteria.”

Answer 19

Austin Bradford Hill

Question 20

most prominent student of Greenwood and sought to educate the medical profession on the proper use of statistics

Answer 20

Austin Bradford Hill

Question 21

Hypothesized that disease might be associated with the physical environment, including seasonal variation in illness

Answer 21

HIPPOCRATES

Question 22

First to employ quantitative methods in describing population vital statistics

Answer 22

JOHN GRAUNT

Question 23

Formulated natural epidemiological experiment to test the hypothesis that cholera was transmitted by contaminated water.

Answer 23

JOHN SNOW

Question 24

Used a case-control design to describe and test the association between smoking and lung cancer.

Answer 24

DOLL & HILL

Question 25

Huge formal field trial of the Poliomyelitis vaccine in school children.

Answer 25

FRANCES at al.

Question 26

Used the cohort design to study risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study.

Answer 26

DAWBER et al

Question 27

Scurvy could be treated with fresh fruit

Answer 27

JAMES LIND

Question 28

Established application of vital statistics for the evaluation of health problems.

Answer 28

WILLIAM FARR

Question 29

Systematized application of numerical thinking (quantitative reasoning)

Answer 29

ALEXANDER LOUIS

Question 30

Suggested criteria for establishing causation

Answer 30

BRADFORD HILL

Question 31

branch of statistics concerned with mathematical facts and data related to biological events

Answer 31

Biostatistics

Question 32

the science that helps in managing medical uncertainties and the application of statistical methods to the solution of biological problems.

Answer 32

Biostatistics

Question 33

study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and other health-related conditions in a human population and the application of this study to the prevention of disease and promotion of health

Answer 33

Epidemiology

Question 34

application of mathematics to study statistics, using probability theory, linear algebra, measure theory, and stochastic analysis.

Answer 34

Mathematical statistics

Question 35

deals basically with situations

Answer 35

Mathematical statistics

Question 36

includes planning for the collection of data, managing data, analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions from data, and identifying problems, solutions and opportunities using the analysis.

Answer 36

Applied Statistics

Question 37

This major builds critical thinking and problem solving skills in data analysis and empirical research. In addition to career goals, it will prepare you for advanced degree programs in statistics and quantitative fields

Answer 37

Applied Statistics

Question 38

a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement

Answer 38

Sample

Question 39

the pool of individuals from which a statistical sample is drawn for a study

Answer 39

POPULATION

Question 40

also called a categorical variable, is a variable that isn't numerical.

Answer 40

QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

Question 41

are numerical, they represent a measurable quantity.

Answer 41

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

Question 42

ones where researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment or other intervention without trying to change who is or isn’t exposed to it.

Answer 42

Observational studies

Question 43

Detailed presentation of a single case or handful of cases! Generally report a new or unique finding

Answer 43

Case Reports

Question 44

Experience of a group of patients with a similar diagnosis

Answer 44

Case Series

Question 45

treatment and exposures occur in a “controlled” environment, planned research designs

Answer 45

Experimental Studies

Question 46

non-experimental, there is no individual intervention • treatment and exposures occur in a “non- controlled” environment

Answer 46

Observational Studies

Question 47

An “observational” design that surveys exposures and disease status at a single point in time

Answer 47

Cross-sectional studies

Question 48

Often used to study conditions that are relatively frequent with long duration of expression (nonfatal, chronic conditions), It measures prevalence, not incidence of disease

Answer 48

Cross-sectional Studies

Question 49

an “observational” design comparing exposures in disease cases vs. healthy controls from same population

Answer 49

Case-Control Studies

Question 50

looks forward, looks to the future, examines future events, follows a condition, concern or disease into the future

Answer 50

Prospective Study

Question 51

“to look back”, looks back in time to study events that have already occurred

Answer 51

Retrospective Study

Question 52

investigator can “control” the exposure, generally involves random assignment to groups

Answer 52

Experimental Studies

Question 53

subjects in the study who actually receive the treatment of interest are called?

Answer 53

treatment group

Question 54

subjects in the study who receive no treatment or a different treatment are called?

Answer 54

comparison group

Question 55

a design with subjects randomly assigned to “treatment” and “comparison” groups

Answer 55

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

Question 56

the “gold standard” of research designs • provides most convincing evidence of relationship between exposure and effect

Answer 56

Randomized Controlled Trials