Intro- Nervous System

Question 1

What are the meninges?

Answer 1

Membranous layers called pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. Surround and protect the CNS.

Question 2

What are the collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS?

Answer 2

The ganglion

Question 3

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 3

Voluntary nervous system
Somatic sensory fibers- touch, pain, and temperature
Somatic motor fibers- stimulate skeletal muscle exclusively

Question 4

Anterior ( ventral) root

Answer 4

Motor ( efferent ) fibers pass through this to effector organs located peripherally

Question 5

Posterior ( dorsal ) root

Answer 5

Consists of sensory ( afferent ) fibers that send neural impulses to the CNS

Question 6

Posterior rami

Answer 6

Supply nerve fibers to synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, and the overlying skin

Question 7

Anterior rami

Answer 7

Supply nerve fibers to a large remaining portion of the body, anterior and lateral regions of the trunk, and the upper and lower limbs arising from them

Question 8

Dermatone

Answer 8

The unilateral area of skin that is innervated by the general sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

Question 9

What are cutaneous nerves?

Answer 9

Nerves that supply sensation to the skin

Question 10

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

Answer 10

Visceral efferent motor fibers- stimulate smooth involuntary muscle
Visceral afferent sensory fibers

Question 11

What are the two systems of efferent nerve fibers in the ANS?

Answer 11

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division

Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division

Question 12

Sympathetic division

Answer 12

Stimulation is catabolic, preparing body for fight or flight

Question 13

Parasympathetic division

Answer 13

Stimulation is anabolic, promotion normal function and conserving energy

Question 14

Presynaptic neuron

Answer 14

Preganglionic neuron located in the gray matter of the CNS. Conducts impulses from CNS to the effector organs in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 15

Postsynaptic neuron

Answer 15

Postganglionic neuron. The fiber or axon of the presynaptic neuron synapses here. These cell bodies of this second neuron are located in ganglia outside of the CNS. These fibers terminate on the effector organ such as smooth muscle or glands.

Question 16

Where are the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons of the sympathetic division located?

Answer 16

Presynaptic- intermediolateral cell columns or nuclei of the spinal cord, the IMLs are part of the gray matter extending between the 1st thoracic and second or third lumbar
Postsynaptic neurons- paravertebral ganglion and prevertebral ganglion

Question 17

What are the horns of the gray matter?

Answer 17

Posterior dorsal gray horn

Anterior ventral gray horn

Question 18

What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?

Answer 18

thoracic anterior concavity and sacral anterior concavity

Question 19

What are the secondary curvatures of the spine?

Answer 19

cervical anterior convexity

lumbar anterior convexity

Question 20

What is unique about the C1 vertebrae?

Answer 20

atlas- no body or spinous process, articulates with axis via superior articular facets and the dens of axis

Question 21

What is unique about the C2 vertebrae?

Answer 21

axis- dens, large superior facets for C1

Question 22

What is the sacral hiatus?

Answer 22

it is the termination of the sacral canal; it contains the filum terminale

Question 23

what is the conus medullaris?

Answer 23

the termination of the spinal cord… typically ends at L2

Question 24

What are the cauda equina?

Answer 24

bundle of nerve roots after the conus medullaris

Question 25

What are the distinctive features of the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 25

heart shaped bodies; long spinous processes; costal facets for rib articulation on bodies and transverse processes

Question 26

What are the distinctive features of the lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 26

large kidney-bean shaped bodies; sturdy laminae; thick and short spinous processes

Question 27

What are the distinctive features of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 27

small bodies; large vertebral foramina; transverse foramina; anterior and posterior tubercles; bifid spinous processes

Question 28

What are the Zygapophysial joints or facets?

Answer 28

synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes; permit gliding movement between vertebrae

Question 29

What are the atlanto-occipital joints?

Answer 29

synovial joints between the lateral masses of atlas and occipital condyles; permit flexion and extension (some lateral bending and rotation)

Question 30

What are the atlanto-axial joints?

Answer 30

the three synovial joints between inferior lateral masses of C1 and superior facets of C2; also between anterior arch of C1 and dens of C2; permits rotation of C1 (and head)