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Physio 1 > Intro Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Intro Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the mammalian nervous system?

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

What are the division in the CNS

A

Brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the important components of the PNS

A

Receptors, Nerves and the Ganglia

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4
Q

What is the role of the brain in the CNS

A

Receives, processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thought and emotion

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5
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in the CNS

A

Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities (highway)

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6
Q

What are the further division of the PNS

A

Sensory division AFFERENT and Motor division (EFFERENT)

SAME

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7
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

AFFERENT: They bring information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

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8
Q

What do the motor neurons do?

A

Carries commands from the CNS to PNS

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9
Q

What is the further subsdivisions of the Sensory division

A

Visceral Sensory Division and Somatic Sensory Division

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10
Q

Visceral Sensory divison

A

provides information about internal organs (PNS to the CNS)

  • visceral receptors and sensory neurons
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11
Q

Somatic sensory division

A

Provides information about position, touch, pressure, pain and temperature (PNS to the CNS)

  • somatic receptors and sensory neurons
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12
Q

Somatic Motor divison

A

Controls skeletal muscle contraction (voluntary control)

Commands from the CNS to the PNS

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13
Q

Visceral motor divison

A

Provide autonomic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle glands, adipose tissue (involuntary control)

Sympathetic - Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest

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14
Q

What are the two categories of cells?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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15
Q

What are the major functional unit of the NS

A

Neurons (nerve cell) - Specialized in information processing

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16
Q

What happens when neurons reach maturity

A

They can no longer divide

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17
Q

Neurons are composed by

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body, soma or pericaryon
  3. Axon
  4. Axon hillcock or trigger zone
  5. Presynaptic terminal
  6. Myelin sheath
  7. Node of ranvier
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18
Q

Dentrites

A

Receiving area of the cell membrane

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19
Q

Cell body, soma, Pericaryon

A

life support center - contains organelles

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20
Q

Axon

A

information-carrying extension of the cell membrane

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, glands.

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21
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

end of the axon - transmit information

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22
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Axon origin: originates th AP

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23
Q

Myelin sheath

A

enhances the speed of information transfer

AP is jumping from node to node

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24
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the insulating myelin sheath

25
Terminal branches of axon
Form junctions with other cells
26
How do neurons communicate
through synapses
27
Are all axons Myelinated?
Only larger axons are myelinated smaller ones are not because their APs are so tiny
28
Where is the myelinated sheath?
Wrapped around the axon in a spiral fashion
29
Where do the myelinated sheath originate from and are part of?
Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
30
What is the myelin sheath a modification of?
The plasma membrane
31
What are the periodic interruptions of the myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier and are critical for the function of Myelin
32
What does myelin sheath facilitate
** is an electrical insulator conduction - however its function of facilitating conduction has no exact analongy in electrical circuitry
33
What kind of conduction is in the myelin sheath?
Saltatory - AP jumps from node to node
34
When is depolarization much more rapid
When the myelin sheath is presented
35
What is the conduction velocity in myelinated fibers related to?
Proportional to the diameter therefore larger axons have longer internodes and faster conductions
36
What is the conduction velocity in unmyelinated fibers related to?
proportional to the square root
37
What are the classifications of the neurons?
Neurons can be classified by structure and and function
38
What are the structure of the neurons
Multipolar Bipolar Pseudo- unipolar Unipolar
39
What is the structure multipolar neurons
Most common type of neuron - 1 axon and many dendrites; the length and arrangement vary considerably
40
What is the structure of bipolar neurons
Have two process; 1 axon and 1 dendrite
41
Pseudo-unipolar
Have a single stem process that bifurcates to form 2 processes - one goes to the PNS and one goes to the CNS
42
What structure and function do sensory or afferent neurons have?
Most of them are pseudo-unipolar Send information from receptors in sensory organs toward the brain/spinal cord
43
What structure and function do interneurons or associated neurons have?
They are usually multipolar or bipolar neurons Found in the brain and spinal cord (CNS) connecting motor and sensory neurons
44
What structure and function do motor or efferent neurons have?
They are multipolar Send information from the brain/spinal cord to muscle/glands (effector organs)
45
What are neuroglia?
Small neurons that do not have axons and dendrites They fill in the spaces in the NS not occupied by blood vessels or neurons More numerous than neurons in the nervous tissue Have the capacity to divide Do not produce AP Do not participate in synaptic interactions and electrical signaling
46
Why are neuroglia cells important?
production of myelin sheaths of axons modulate growth of of neurons (developing or damaged) Buffer extracellular concentrations of potassium. and neurotransmitters formation of contracts between neurons immune response of the nervous system
47
What gilia cells are located in the CNS
- Microglial cells - Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - Ependymal cells
48
What gilia cells are located in the PNS
Schwann cells which produce myelin
49
What are microglia cells
brain defence cells - protect against injury + infection + role in developing the brain (destroy the synapses that are unnecessary) They are also know to release NO (nitric oxide) antiviral substance
50
What cells act as macrophages
Microglia cells - phagocytosis to clear debris
51
What are Astrocytes?
Star-shaped cells with numerous long cell processes - 50% of the cell population
52
What is Astrocytes role?
Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons, forms the inner and outer glial limiting membrane of the CNS. Helps elongate axons and dendrites Participate in the repair process following tissue injury
53
What cell maintains the neurons environment and how?
Astrocytes Controls the level of neurotransmitters around the synapse and controls the concentration of important ions Provides metabolic support Modulates how neurons communicate
54
What are Oligodendrocytes
Support to the axon of neurons in the CNS, contains numerous processes that extend to adjacent axons to form myelin
55
What is the reason the brain has white matter?
Myelin
56
Where are the ependymal cells?
cover ventricle, central canal + choroid plexus
57
What do the ependymal cells create?
Involved in creating CSF
58
What are schwann cells
Provide support to axon in the PNS, they are similar to the oligondendrocytes
59
How are the Schwann cells arranged?
side by side on along the axons

Physio 1 (6 decks)

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