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Physio 1 > Intro Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Intro Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the mammalian nervous system?

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

What are the division in the CNS

A

Brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the important components of the PNS

A

Receptors, Nerves and the Ganglia

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4
Q

What is the role of the brain in the CNS

A

Receives, processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thought and emotion

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5
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in the CNS

A

Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities (highway)

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6
Q

What are the further division of the PNS

A

Sensory division AFFERENT and Motor division (EFFERENT)

SAME

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7
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

AFFERENT: They bring information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

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8
Q

What do the motor neurons do?

A

Carries commands from the CNS to PNS

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9
Q

What is the further subsdivisions of the Sensory division

A

Visceral Sensory Division and Somatic Sensory Division

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10
Q

Visceral Sensory divison

A

provides information about internal organs (PNS to the CNS)

  • visceral receptors and sensory neurons
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11
Q

Somatic sensory division

A

Provides information about position, touch, pressure, pain and temperature (PNS to the CNS)

  • somatic receptors and sensory neurons
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12
Q

Somatic Motor divison

A

Controls skeletal muscle contraction (voluntary control)

Commands from the CNS to the PNS

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13
Q

Visceral motor divison

A

Provide autonomic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle glands, adipose tissue (involuntary control)

Sympathetic - Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest

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14
Q

What are the two categories of cells?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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15
Q

What are the major functional unit of the NS

A

Neurons (nerve cell) - Specialized in information processing

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16
Q

What happens when neurons reach maturity

A

They can no longer divide

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17
Q

Neurons are composed by

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body, soma or pericaryon
  3. Axon
  4. Axon hillcock or trigger zone
  5. Presynaptic terminal
  6. Myelin sheath
  7. Node of ranvier
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18
Q

Dentrites

A

Receiving area of the cell membrane

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19
Q

Cell body, soma, Pericaryon

A

life support center - contains organelles

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20
Q

Axon

A

information-carrying extension of the cell membrane

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, glands.

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21
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

end of the axon - transmit information

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22
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Axon origin: originates th AP

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23
Q

Myelin sheath

A

enhances the speed of information transfer

AP is jumping from node to node

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24
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the insulating myelin sheath

25
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Form junctions with other cells

26
Q

How do neurons communicate

A

through synapses

27
Q

Are all axons Myelinated?

A

Only larger axons are myelinated smaller ones are not because their APs are so tiny

28
Q

Where is the myelinated sheath?

A

Wrapped around the axon in a spiral fashion

29
Q

Where do the myelinated sheath originate from and are part of?

A

Schwann cells in the PNS
and oligodendrocytes in the CNS

30
Q

What is the myelin sheath a modification of?

A

The plasma membrane

31
Q

What are the periodic interruptions of the myelin sheath

A

Node of Ranvier and are critical for the function of Myelin

32
Q

What does myelin sheath facilitate

A

** is an electrical insulator

conduction - however its function of facilitating conduction has no exact analongy in electrical circuitry

33
Q

What kind of conduction is in the myelin sheath?

A

Saltatory - AP jumps from node to node

34
Q

When is depolarization much more rapid

A

When the myelin sheath is presented

35
Q

What is the conduction velocity in myelinated fibers related to?

A

Proportional to the diameter therefore larger axons have longer internodes and faster conductions

36
Q

What is the conduction velocity in unmyelinated fibers related to?

A

proportional to the square root

37
Q

What are the classifications of the neurons?

A

Neurons can be classified by structure and and function

38
Q

What are the structure of the neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudo- unipolar
Unipolar

39
Q

What is the structure multipolar neurons

A

Most common type of neuron
- 1 axon and many dendrites; the length and arrangement vary considerably

40
Q

What is the structure of bipolar neurons

A

Have two process; 1 axon and 1 dendrite

41
Q

Pseudo-unipolar

A

Have a single stem process that bifurcates to form 2 processes - one goes to the PNS and one goes to the CNS

42
Q

What structure and function do sensory or afferent neurons have?

A

Most of them are pseudo-unipolar

Send information from receptors in sensory organs toward the brain/spinal cord

43
Q

What structure and function do interneurons or associated neurons have?

A

They are usually multipolar or bipolar neurons

Found in the brain and spinal cord (CNS) connecting motor and sensory neurons

44
Q

What structure and function do motor or efferent neurons have?

A

They are multipolar

Send information from the brain/spinal cord to muscle/glands (effector organs)

45
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Small neurons that do not have axons and dendrites

They fill in the spaces in the NS not occupied by blood vessels or neurons

More numerous than neurons in the nervous tissue

Have the capacity to divide

Do not produce AP

Do not participate in synaptic interactions and electrical signaling

46
Q

Why are neuroglia cells important?

A

production of myelin sheaths of axons

modulate growth of of neurons (developing or damaged)

Buffer extracellular concentrations of potassium. and neurotransmitters

formation of contracts between neurons

immune response of the nervous system

47
Q

What gilia cells are located in the CNS

A
  • Microglial cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
48
Q

What gilia cells are located in the PNS

A

Schwann cells which produce myelin

49
Q

What are microglia cells

A

brain defence cells - protect against injury + infection + role in developing the brain (destroy the synapses that are unnecessary)

They are also know to release NO (nitric oxide) antiviral substance

50
Q

What cells act as macrophages

A

Microglia cells - phagocytosis to clear debris

51
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

Star-shaped cells with numerous long cell processes - 50% of the cell population

52
Q

What is Astrocytes role?

A

Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons, forms the inner and outer glial limiting membrane of the CNS.

Helps elongate axons and dendrites

Participate in the repair process following tissue injury

53
Q

What cell maintains the neurons environment and how?

A

Astrocytes

Controls the level of neurotransmitters around the synapse and controls the concentration of important ions

Provides metabolic support

Modulates how neurons communicate

54
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes

A

Support to the axon of neurons in the CNS, contains numerous processes that extend to adjacent axons to form myelin

55
Q

What is the reason the brain has white matter?

A

Myelin

56
Q

Where are the ependymal cells?

A

cover ventricle, central canal + choroid plexus

57
Q

What do the ependymal cells create?

A

Involved in creating CSF

58
Q

What are schwann cells

A

Provide support to axon in the PNS, they are similar to the oligondendrocytes

59
Q

How are the Schwann cells arranged?

A

side by side on along the axons

Physio 1 (6 decks)

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