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Physio 1 > NEURO CNS > Flashcards

NEURO CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A

Brain (surrounded by the skull) and the spinal cord (surrounded by cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and ligaments

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2
Q

What are the 7 major right (subdivision) of the CNS

A

Spinal cord
Medulla (oblongata)
Pons
Midbrain or mesencephalon
Cerebellum
Diencephalon (thalamus and the hypothalamus)
Telencephalon or cerebrum

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3
Q

What are the 5 functional areas of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Brain steam (medulla, pons and midbrain)
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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

Separated into right and left hemispheres

conscious sensation and initiation of voluntary movement

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5
Q

What is the separation called between the side of the cerebrum?

A

Fissure

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6
Q

What are the fold on the cerebrum?

A

Sulus (inward) and Gyrus (outward)

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7
Q

Gyrus

A

An outward fold

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8
Q

Sulus

A

An inward fold

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9
Q

What is each hemisphere of the cerebrum/telenchephalon composed of

A

Cerebral cortex (surface is darker)
White matter
Basal Nuclei

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10
Q

What matter (cerebral cortex or white) grows faster?

A

The cerebral cortex grows faster than the underlying white matter during the development

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11
Q

Gray matter is made of….

A

nerve cells bodies and their processes

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12
Q

White matter is made of…

A

myelin sheaths

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13
Q

What are the lobes and their functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal - Motor area, the origin of corticospinal

Olfactory - Olfactory bulb, Pyriform lobe - perception and smell

Parietal - Somatosensory area (pain)

Temporal - Auditory and Vestibular

Occipital - Visual interpretation

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14
Q

How many layers does the gray matter at the surface of the cerebrum have

A

6 layers and have different columns organized into functional areas

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15
Q

What are the columns of that the grey matter can be divided into?

A
  1. Primary sensory cortex
  2. Associated cortex
  3. Primary motor cortext
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16
Q

What is primary sensory cortex?

A

Receive fibres carrying sensory signals (pain, touch, smell, hearing, vision) PNS to the CNS

Areas that receive sensory signals from the brainstem to the spinal cord

17
Q

What is the primary motor cortex

A

Performing voluntary movement from the CNS to the PNS, including skilled movement

Voluntary movement, gives rise to motor fibers that DESEND to the brainstem and spinal cord

18
Q

What is the Association cortex?

A

Learning and intelligent behaviour

A complex patterns of circuitry linking sensory and motor system (via short interneurons), memory, emotion, behaviour

19
Q

What are the primary cortical sensory areas?

A

Somatosensory area: touch, pain, temperature, pressure, taste

Visual area: visual input

Auditory area: Auditory input

Vestibular area: Input from the vestibular apparatus

Olfactory bulb: Olfactory input

20
Q

What is the pyramidal tract or corticospinal tract of the primary motor cortex?

A

Primary motor area: Muscle activation

Premotor frontal cortex: plan and organize the sequence movement

Supplementary motor cortex: preparations orientation of the body to execute a particular motor task

21
Q

What are the division white matter can be divided into?

A

Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fibers

22
Q

What are projection fibers

A

Leave the WM; terminate at the B.S, S.C, and BS

Originate in the thalamus and terminate in cerebral cortex

23
Q

What are the association fibers

A

Connect within one hemisphere

24
Q

What are the commissural fibers

A

Connect between the hemispheres (Corpus callosum)

25
Q

What is basal nuclei?

A

Gray matter, loctaed deep in the white matter

Projects outwards via thalamus - plan and prep. for movement

send output via brainstem

Inhibitory control

26
Q

Cerebellum

A

COORDINATE MOVEMENT (smooth)
Sync. muscle activity
eye movement
control equilibrium

27
Q

Thalamus

A

CONSCIOUSNESS, ATTENTION and ALERTNESS

lg. nuclei extends into each cerebral hemisphere
- GATEWAY/preprocesses most info reaching the cerebral cortex

integrates info coming from the sensory system + integrates signals coming from non-sensory areas (B.N and cerebellum)

28
Q

Limbic system

A

circuit related with behaviour, arousal, emotion and memory

b/t cerebrum and thalamus

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls homeostasis
4F’s (Fighting, fleeing, feeding, fucking)

30
Q

What does the hypothalamus coordinate

A

The anterior pituitary
HR, BP, Body temp, water balance, food intake, circadian rhythm, gonadal function and emotions

31
Q

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus control?

A

Releasing and inhibitory

32
Q

What are the components of the brain stem

A

Medulla (oblongata)
Pons
Midbrain

33
Q

What is the medulla (oblongata)

A

Crucial for life

34
Q

What centers does the medulla oblongata regulate

A

HR
BP
Breathing
Walking, sleeping
Swallowing

35
Q

Pons

A

Influence the cortex to maintain consciousness and alterness in animals

regulation of posture, locomotion and visceral functions

provide a pathway for the nerves to relay sensory info between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex

36
Q

Midbrain

A

Location of the brainstem UMN pathway - also known as the extrapyramidal tracts

Subconscious posture and voluntary skilled/learned movements

37
Q

What are the 5 functional regions of the spinal cord?

A

C1-C5 Cervical neck

C6-T2 Cervical intumescences

T3-L3 Thoracolumbar (thorax and abdomen)

L4- S3 Lumbar intumescence

Cd1-Cd5 Caudal tail

38
Q

Organization of the spinal cords

A

sensory signals enter the cord almost entirely through the sensory roots

travel via 2 destinations:
1. one branch terminates in the grey matter and elicitis local reflexes

  1. another branch terminates signals to higher levels of the nervous system

Physio 1 (6 decks)

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