INTRO PROFF RN FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Describe the purpose of professional standards of nursing

Answer 1

To direct and maintain safe and clinically competent nursing practice. These standards are important to our profession because they promote and guide our clinical practice.

Question 2

Explain how nursing practice is regulated

Answer 2

The initial review of credentials during registration, the periodic professional registration renewal, competency exams, and continuing education

Question 3

Explain the relationship between levels of healthcare and levels of prevention

Answer 3

— Preventative: preventive care is more disease oriented and focuses on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease through activities such as immunization and diet counseling.
— Primary: providing interventions to reduce the risk of a disease/illness through health education/promotion; federally funded
— Secondary: focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it occurs
— Tertiary: focuses on reducing complications of long-term diseases/disabilities through treatment/rehabilitation
— Restorative: helps patient regain maximal functional status, improving QOL, and promoting independence, and self-care
— Continuing Care: help patients adapt to permanent health changes so they can remain active and engaged

Question 4

Discuss the role of nurses in different health care settings

Answer 4

Caregiver.
Decision maker.
Communicator.
Manager of Care.
Patient Advocate.
Educator.

Question 5

Describe ways to express caring in practice

Question 6

Discuss the health belief, health promotion, basic human needs, and holistic health models of
health and illness

Answer 6

Basic Human Needs (top to bottom): Self-actualization Esteem | Love & belonging | Safety | Physiological needs

Question 7

Describe the variables influencing health beliefs and health practices

Question 8

Describe health promotion and illness prevention activities

Question 9

Discuss four types of risk factors and the process of risk factor modification

Question 10

Describe the variables influencing illness behavior

Question 11

Examine current trends in American families

Question 12

Discuss the role of families and family members as caregivers

Question 13

Explain the characteristics of patients from selected vulnerable populations that influence a
nurse’s approach to care

Question 14

Describe elements of a community assessment

Question 15

Describe social and cultural influences in health, illness, and caring patterns

Question 16

Use cultural assessment to plan culturally competent care

Question 17

Discuss the QSEN competencies for evidence-based nursing practice

Answer 17

— Patient Values
— Clinical Expertise
— Values
_________________
Other QSEN skills: teamwork, collaboration, safety, quality

Question 18

Describe the steps of evidence based practice

Question 19

Discuss levels of evidence in the literature

Question 20

Discuss ways to apply evidence in nursing practice

Question 21

List at least six critical-thinking skills

Question 22

Review seven attitudes of the critical thinker

Question 23

Explain how critical thinking is used in the nursing process

Question 24

Describe each step of the nursing process in detail

Question 25

Discuss approaches to data collection in nursing assessment

Question 26

Differentiate between subjective and objective data

Answer 26

_Subjective:_ What the patient/subject says _Objective:_ hands on; what is felt, heard, and seen

Question 27

List the steps of the nursing diagnostic process

Question 28

Discuss the process of priority setting

Question 29

Describe goal setting

Question 30

Differentiate between a goal and an expected outcome

Answer 30

_Goal:_ )Expected outcome:+

Question 31

Develop a plan of care from a nursing assessment

Question 32

Discuss the elements of the communication process

Question 33

Identify the levels of communication and their uses in nursing

Question 34

Differentiate aspects of verbal and nonverbal communication

Question 35

Identify features and expected outcomes of the nurse-patient relationship

Question 36

Describe behaviors and techniques that affect communication

Question 37

Explain the focus of communication within each phase of the nursing process

Question 38

Explain techniques used to assist patients with special communication or developmental needs

Question 39

Describe the characteristics of an environment that promotes learning

Question 40

Describe ways to incorporate teaching with nursing care

Question 41

Identify methods of evaluating learning

Question 42

Theorists

Answer 42

FREUD — Psychosexual focus ERICKSON — Stages of psychosocial development MASLOW — Based on human needs PIAGET — Development of cognition KOHLBERG — Moral development

Question 43

What is PICO(T)

Answer 43

_Purpose:_ how much time does it take to demonstrate an outcome (e.g., the time it takes for the intervention to achieve an outcome or how long participants are observed)? **P** = patient population or area of interest —ID your patients (family, clinical staff) by age, gender, ethnicity, disease, and experience or health problem **I** = intervention of interest — Which intervention do you want to use in practice (e.g., a treatment, diagnostic test, educational approach)? **C** = comparison of interest — What is the usual standard of care or current intervention that you now use in practice? **O** = outcome — What result do you wish to achieve or observe as a result of an intervention (e.g., change in patient/family caregiver behavior, physical finding, patient perception)? **T** = time — How much time does it take to demonstrate an outcome (e.g., the time it takes for the intervention to achieve an outcome or how long participants are observed)?

Question 44

Explain the purposes of documentation

Question 45

Describe guidelines for documentation

Question 46

Define morals, ethics, bioethics, and values

Question 47

Describe five major ethical principles that are used in reasoning about healthcare

Answer 47

The five principles, **autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity** are each absolute truths in and of themselves. By exploring the dilemma in regards to these principles one may come to a better understanding of the conflicting issues.

Question 48

Compare and contrast four ethical systems: utilitarianism, deontology, an ethics of care, and feminist ethics

Answer 48

In a situation where you have the option to kill your daughter to save say 100 strangers, utilitarianism would say the moral choice is to kill your daughter. In contrast, care ethics would say that the moral choice is to save your daughter

Question 49

Describe a systematic approach for processing ethical dilemmas

Question 50

Describe the legal obligations and role of nurses

Question 51

Explain the legal concepts of standard of care and informed consent

Question 52

List sources for standards of care for nurses

Question 53

Explain the concept of negligence and identify elements of professional negligence

Answer 53

Professional negligence: Doing so means you and your lawyer must prove the five elements of negligence: duty, breach of duty, cause, in fact, proximate cause, and harm.

Question 54

Discuss ways to apply clinical care coordination skills in nursing practice

Question 55

Describe the process of interprofessional collaboration among nurses and health care providers

Question 56

Discuss principles to follow in the appropriate delegation of patient care activities

Answer 56

the right task. the right circumstance. the right person. the right direction/communication. the right supervision.

Question 57

Discuss factors that influence the following components of self-concept: identity, body image, and role performance

Question 58

Identify stressors that affect self-concept: self-esteem, and sexuality

Answer 58

Self-Concept Stressor: Real or perceived change that threatens identity, body image, or role performance. Health is a HUGE Self-Concept Stressor. Changes in physical, spiritual, emotional, sexual, familial, and sociocultural health can affect self-concept.

Question 59

Purpose of a MDS sheet

Question 60

Describe the components of self-concept as each relates to Erikson’s developmental stages

Question 61

Journalism

Answer 61

Isabell

Question 62

Apply the nursing process to promote a patient’s self-concept and sexual health

Question 63

Compare the frameworks for growth and development as described by major developmental theorists

Question 64

Describe the growth and development changes that occur in people from conception to old age

Question 65

Identify factors that promote or inhibit normal growth and development at each stage of life

Question 66

Specify the physical and psychosocial health concerns of infants, children, adolescents, and adult

Answer 66

By 1 = weight should be **tripled** Pre-school-aged children = crossing the street

Question 67

Identify specific nursing interventions for the health promotion of patients across the life span

Question 68

Describe the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 68

a three-stage set of physiological processes that prepare, or adapt, the body for danger so that an individual is more likely to survive when faced with a threat (1) initial alarm, (2) resistance as a person attempts to compensate for changes induced by the alarm stage, and (3) a state of exhaustion if the person cannot adapt successfully during the stage of resistance or if stress remains unrelieved.

Question 69

Defense mechanism

Answer 69

**Compensation** — Making up for a deficiency in one aspect of self-image by strongly emphasizing a feature considered an asset. (Example: A person who is a poor communicator relies on organizational skills.) **Conversion** — Unconsciously repressing an anxiety-producing emotional conflict and transforming it into nonorganic symptoms (e.g., difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite). **Denial** —Avoiding emotional conflicts by refusing to consciously acknowledge anything that causes intolerable emotional pain. (Example: A person refuses to discuss or acknowledge a personal loss.) **Displacement** — Transferring emotions, ideas, or wishes from a stressful situation to a less anxiety-producing substitute. (Example: A person transfers anger over a job conflict to a malfunctioning computer.) **Identification** — Patterning behavior after that of another person and assuming that person's qualities, characteristics, and actions. **Dissociation** — Experiencing a subjective sense of numbing and a reduced awareness of one's surroundings. **Regression** — Coping with a stressor through actions and behaviors associated with an earlier developmental period.

Question 70

Identify how stress and coping relate to health

Question 71

Identify stress management techniques used in coping with stress

Question 72

Discuss the relevance of compassion fatigue for health care

Question 73

Review grief and loss theories

Question 74

Describe types of grief

Question 75

Discuss variables that affect a person’s response to grief

Answer 75

Loss and grief are experiences that affect not only patients and their families, but also students and health care professionals. Grief and loss affect a person’s health physically, psychologically, socially, and spiritually. Patients at the end of life need knowledge, compassion, and expert nursing care as they live with illnesses that cannot be cured and come to the end of their lives.

Question 76

Identify assessment parameters in a patient experiencing loss and grief

Question 77

Identify nursing interventions for helping patients cope with loss, grief, and death