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Dermatology > Intro: Skin Structure > Flashcards

Intro: Skin Structure Flashcards

1
Q

List some causes of skin disease

A

-genetics -irritants -allergens -drugs -sunshine -temperature/humidity -infections

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2
Q

What are the two main layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis: outer layer: stratified cellular epithelium
  • dermis: under epidermis: connective tissue
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3
Q

What does epidermis derive from?

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

What does ectoderm become by week 4 ?

A

-periderm -basal layer -dermis

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5
Q

By 16 weeks what layers of skin have developed?

A

-keratin layer -granular layer -prickle cell layer -basal layer -dermis

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6
Q

What are Blaschko’s lines and what does skin disease along these lines mean?

A

-developmental growth pattern of skin -that disease is due to genetic error

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7
Q

What are 5 components of skin?

A

-epdermis -appendages: nails, hair, glands, mucsoae -dermo-epidermal junction -dermis -sub-cutis

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8
Q

What is skin scar defined by?

A

lack of appendages (nails, hair, glands, mucosae)

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9
Q

Pilum

A

hair

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10
Q

pilosebaceous unit

A

relating to gland/hair

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11
Q

Epidermal cell layers

A

-keratin layer -granular layer -prickle cell layer -basal layer

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12
Q

Why called prickle cell?

A

because held together by desmosomes that look like prickles

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13
Q

Label this diagram.

A
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14
Q

What cells make up 95% of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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15
Q

What are 4 layers of the epidermis?

A
  • keratinous layer
  • granular layer
  • prickle cell layer
  • basal layer
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16
Q

What 3 factors control epidermal turnover?

A
  • growth factors
  • cell death
  • hormones
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17
Q

What 2 skin diseases are a result of loss of control of epidermal turnover?

A
  • psoriasis
  • skin cancer
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18
Q

What are 4 cells in the epidermis?

A
  • keratinocytes
  • Langherhans
  • Merkel cells
  • melanocytes
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19
Q

Where do keratinocytes orginate from and what happens as they migrate to surface?

A
  • Basal layer
  • differentiate as they migrate
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20
Q

What is significance of desmosomes holding together prickle cells?

A

desmosomes allow both stability and some flexibility

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

What are rete ridges in the skin?

A

Downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis

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23
Q

What do keratinocytes synthesise in the basal layer?

A

keratin filaments and desmosomal proteins

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24
Q

What do keratin filaments and desmosomal proteins make up in the cell?

A
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25
What is synthesised in the granular layer and what cells secrete them?
- lipid & lipid hydrolases - secreted by lamellar bodies
26
27
What do lipid and lipid hydrolases form?
a water-tight intercellular lipid bilayer
28
29
What secretes pro-filaggrin and where is it converted to filaggrin?
- lamellar bodies in granular layer - in the stratum corneum (AKA keratinous layer)
30
What are the 2 functions of filaggrin?
- holds moisture within cells (natural moisturising factor) - forms part of tough cell envelope i.e. water barrier, binds keratin filaments and lipid filaments
31
Which layer provides most of the barrier function of the epidermis?
outer stratum corneum
32
What can filaggrin deficiency lead to?
Leaky skin that allows entry of allergens causing an immunological response e.g. Ichthyosis vulgari, eczema
33
Where do melanocytes originate from?
Neural crest
34
Where do melanocytes reside?
Basal layer
35
What amino acid is melanin a product of?
tyrosine
36
What is the function of melanin?
Thick brown coloured cap over the nucleus that won't let UV light penetrate to protect stem cells (basal cells)
37
Variation in what causes the difference in skin colour?
variation in melanin production not the number of melanocytes
38
What are the organelles in melanocytes called and what do they do?
- Melanosomes - convert tyrosine to melanin pigament
39
40
What is the name of the melanin pigment of brown/black skin?
Eumelanin
41
What is the name of the pigment associated with red/yellow skin?
phaeomelanin
42
What are Merkel cells, where are they numerous and where exactly in the skin do they sit?
- cells that play a role in sensation - numerous in fingertips and oral cavity - sit in the basal layer between keratinocytes and nerve fibres
43
44
What is the mortality rate of Merkel cell cancer and what is a cause?
- Very high - viral infection
45
46
How does melanin get into keratinocytes?
By travelling in melanosomes across dendrites extended by the melanocytes
47
48
What is the pathophysiology behind vitiligo?
autoimmune disease with loss of melanocytes
49
What is pathophysiology of albinism?
genetic partial loss of pigment production
50
What is Nelson's syndrome and how does it present in dermatology?
- disorder characterised by abnormal hormone secretion and enlargement of pituitary gland - melanin stimulating hormone produced in excess by pituitary and so there is hyperpigmentation
51
Where are Langerhan cells derived from?
Bone marrow
52
What type of cell are Langerhan cells and what do they form?
- dendritic cells - network across the supra basal layer
53
Where do Langerhan cells sit in the epidermis and where else are they found?
- In the prickle cell layer in epidermis - also in dermis and lymph nodes
54
55
What is the function of Langerhan cells?
-play a role in immunoregulation through picking up antigen and transporting them to lymph nodes via lymphatic system
56
What is the dermo-epidermal junction?
57
Describe pathology of bullous pemphigoid and describe blisters.
-antibody attack dermo-epidermal junction BP 20 and PB 240 - tense blisters - generally old people - biopsy and stain to diagnose
58
59
epidermolysis bullosa
- rare - tends to be in babies - abnormalities in proteins in dermo-epidermal junction, collagen 7 - can affect trachea etc - chronic scarring
60
61
What is dermis made up of?
- ground substance: polysaccharides, water-based, helps with solute transfer - cells: fibroblasts(make collagen, elastic fibres), mast cells, lymphocytes, Langerhan cells - fibres (collagen, elastin) - muscles, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
62
63
urticaria and nettle rash
wheals mast cells pop - release histamine - so antihistamines for these
64
Describe collagen arrangement across dermis?
more horizontal and condensed further down you go
65
What does it mean to have horizontal plexuses?
blood vessels run parallel to skin surface and then branch off
66
67
What is angioma?
disorganised large arterioles and vessels that grow abnormally in the skin
68
What do lymphatic vessels in the skin drain?
- plasma proteins - extravasated cells - excess interstital fluid
69
What can cause chronic lymphoedema?
damage to lymph vessels so lymph cant drain e.g. from athletes foot (fungal)
70
What are pacinian corpuscle responsible for?
sensing pressure on skin
71
What nerves innervate the sweat glands?
motor nerve fibres by autonomic nervous system
72
Nerves in the skin
73
pilosebaceous unit
epidermal component + dermal papilla (papilla is hair root) -specialised keratins, sebaceous gland with it -
74
label this imagine
75
What are the 3 phases of hair growth?
anagen = growing catagen = involuting telogen = resting
76
What is the involuting phase?
dying phase, hair root shortens, come out naturally, new hair pushes out, embedded but not growing
77
What are hormonal influences on hair
thyroxine androgen
78
what is alopecia areata?
autoimmune condition where body attacks alogen hair follicle
79
hirsutism
too much hair growing in inappropriate areas
80
What are 3 skin glands
sebaceous (present everywhere but mostly in face, chest and upper back, very hormone sensitive, produce sebum (squalene, wax esters, TG and FFA) apocrine (armpits + groin, feed into hair follicles, linked to pheromones) eccrine( sweat glands on hands and feet, face also, autonomic nervous system, help with thermoregulation)
81
acute skin failure
e.g. toxic epidermal necrolysis
82
functions of the skin
- barrier function - metabolism and detoxification - thermoregulation - communication - immune defense -
83
barrier:
- physical (UV, trauma) - chemical - pathogens
84
skin metabolic actions examples
vitamin D metabolism -thyroid hormone metabolism
85
wyatbis Hansen's disease
tuberculoid leprosy
86
eczema herpeticum
disseminated herpes simplex virus infection
87
What is this autoimmune disease?
chronic discoid lupus erythematous
88
89
What is this?
self harm burns, scratching
90
What is this an example of?
neuropathic ulcer e.g. leprosy

Dermatology (10 decks)

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