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Intro Somm Hard Stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

List the winemaking steps for White Wine.

A
  • Harvest
  • Destem if doing; otherwise whole bunch
  • Crushing
  • Pressing
    • skin contact, if doing, after pressing
  • Fermentation primary/alcoholic
  • Storage/maturing/aging
    • White wine: lees contact and oak here, if using
    • Rose wine: (usually no oak, quick)
  • Fine and/or filter
  • Bottling
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2
Q

List the winemaking steps for Red Wine.

A
  • Harvest
  • Destem if doing; otherwise whole bunch; Crush; Maceration of juice and skins/seeds
  • Fermentation primary/alcoholic
  • Pressing
  • Storage/maturing/aging
  • Fine and/or filter
  • Bottling
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3
Q

What are some of the factors that influence grape production?

A
  • Geography (latitude, elevation, etc.)
  • Grapes (whether they’re allowed to be planted or if they suit the climate/soil)
  • Annual weather patterns (e.g. summer hail)
  • Regional wine laws + regulations
  • Terroir
  • History of region’s grape growing + winemaking
  • Climate
  • Harvest
  • Aspect (direction vineyards face)
  • Viticultural practices
  • Soil
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4
Q

What are 5 key components of vineyard management?

A
  • Canopy management
  • Anti-fungal and -bacterial treatments
  • Pests and Disease
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilizers
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5
Q

Soil Types

A
  • Marl
  • Clay
  • Limestone/chalk
  • Granite
  • Gravel
  • Sand
  • Schist
  • Silt
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6
Q

What are the 5 benchmarks you have to hit when tasting?

A
  • Sight
  • Nose
  • Palate
  • Initial conclusion
  • Final conclusion
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7
Q

What is the color scale for white wines?

A
  • Primary, from lightest to darkest:
    • Straw
    • Yellow
    • Gold
    • Amber
  • Secondary colors (rim variation):
    • Silver
    • Green
    • Copper
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8
Q

What is the color scale for Red wines?

A
  • From lightest to darkest:
    • Garnet
    • Ruby
    • Purple
  • Secondary colors (rim variation):
    • Orange
    • Brown
    • Blue
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9
Q

List the 7 most common wine faults

A
  • Brettanomyces (Brett)
  • Oxidation
  • TCA (corkiness)
  • Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
  • Ethyl Acetate (EA)
  • Volatile acidity (VA)
  • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
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10
Q

What are the descriptors used for the Dry to Sweet scale?

A
  • Bone Dry
  • Dry
  • Off-Dry
  • Medium Sweet
  • Sweet
  • Luscious
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11
Q

What elements in wine need to be considered when pairing it with food?

A
  • Sweetness
  • Acidity
  • Tannins
  • Alcohol
  • Weight and Texture
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12
Q

What elements in food need to be considered when pairing it with wine?

A
  • What is the protein / star of the dish
  • Cooking Method
  • Sauces and Condiments
  • Sides
  • Fat
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13
Q

Name the 4 Chablis AOPs + the 7 Grand Cru Climats

A
  • Blanchot (Blawn-show)
  • Bougros (Boo-Gwoah)
  • Valmur (Val-Muir)
  • Vaudésir (Vaw-day-Zir)
  • Les Clos (Lee-Cloh)
  • Preuses (Pwi-ahz)
  • Grenouilles (Gren-oh-yeah)
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14
Q

Cote d’Or: grapes, oak, soil?

A
  • Cote de Nuit
    • Only Red from Pinot Noir
    • New Oak
    • Marl, Limestone
  • Cote de Beaune
    • Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
    • New Oak
    • Marl, Limestone
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15
Q

Appellation hierarchy in the Côte de Nuits?

A
  • Bourgogne AOP
  • Bourgogne Côte d’Or AOP
  • Côte de Nuits-Villages AOP
  • Village AOP
  • Premier Cru AOP
  • Grand Cru AOP
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16
Q

Côte de Nuits 6 most important villages N to S?

A
  • Gevrey-Chambertin
  • Morey-Saint-Denis
  • Chambolle-Musigny
  • Vougeot
  • Vosne-Romanée
  • Nuit-Saint-George
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17
Q

Côte de Beaune 6 most important villages N to S?

A
  • Beaune
  • Pommard
  • Volnay
  • Meursault
  • Puligny-Montrachet
  • Chassagne-Montrachet
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18
Q

Côte de Chalonnaise 5 main villages N to S?

A
  • Bouzeron
  • Rully
  • Mercurey
  • Givry
  • Montagny
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19
Q

Premier Cru in the 1855 Classification

A
  • Château Lafite-Rothschild
  • Château Latour
  • Château Mouton-Rothschild
  • Château Margaux
  • Château Haut-Brion (Graves)
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20
Q

What are the 4 Commune appellations of the Medoc and what style are they known for?

A
  • Saint Estephe AOP
    • Most tannic
  • Pauillac AOP
    • Most powerful
  • Saint Julien AOP
    • Most floral and elegant
  • Margaux AOP
    • Softest (more Merlot in blend)
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21
Q

What are the 4 Bordeaux châteaux named as Premier Grands Crus Classe A?

A
  • Châteaux Angelus
  • Châteaux Ausone
  • Châteaux Cheval-Blanc
  • Châteaux Pavie
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22
Q

What are the 7 sweetness levels of Champagne, from driest to sweetest?

A
  • Brut Nature
  • Extra Brut
  • Brut
  • Extra Dry
  • Sec
  • Demi-sec
  • Doux
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23
Q

What are the 3 subregions of Champagne and their grapes?

A
  • Montagne de Reims – Pinot Noir
  • Vallée de la Marne – Meunier
  • Cotes des Blancs – Chardonnay
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24
Q

What are the aging requirements for both N/V and Vintage Champagne?

A
  • N/V = 15 months minimum, 12 must be sur lie
  • Vintage = 36 months
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25
What are the 3 general styles of Champagne?
* Rose * Blanc de Blanc * Blanc de Noirs
26
What are the 4 regions of the Loire valley west to east?
* Pays Nantais * Anjou-Saumur * Touraine * Central Vineyards
27
2 most important Muscadet appellations in Pays Nantais?
* Muscadet * Muscadet Sevre-et-Maine
28
5 AOP’s of Anjou-Saumur (& their styles)?
* Anjou-Villages (dry red only) * Saumur (red, white, sparkling) * Savennieres (dry white) * Bonnezeaux (sweet white) * Quarts-de-Chaume (sweet white)
29
3 AOP’s of Touraine (& their styles)?
* Chinon (dry red) * Bourgueil (dry red) * Vouvray (all styles from chenin blanc)
30
What styles of wine are allowed to be made in Vouvray?
* All styles: * Dry, still whites * Off-dry, still whites * Sweet, still whites * Sparkling whites of all sweetness levels
31
What are the 2 most important AOP’s from the central vineyards (& their styles)?
* Sancerre (dry red and white) * Pouilly-Fume (dry white)
32
What are the 4 noble white grapes in Alsace?
* Riesling * Gewurztraminer * Muscat * Pinot Gris
33
What are the soils of Alsace?
* Volcanic * Clay * Granite * Gneiss * Marl * Limestone * Sandstone * Schist
34
What are the AOPs of Alsace?
* Alsace / Vin d’Alsace * Alsace Grand Cru * Cremant d’Alsace
35
How many Grand Cru vineyards are there in Alsace?
51
36
What are the 2 terms used in Alsace for late-harvested wines?
* Vendange Tardive (VT) – **may** be affected by botrytis * Selection de Grains Nobles (SGN) – **always** affected by botrytis
37
Which 2 towns bookend the Northern Rhone?
* Vienne (north) * Valence (south)
38
What are the grapes of the Northern Rhone?
* Red * Syrah * White * Viogner * Marsanne * Roussanne
39
What are the Northern Rhone AOPs and their style, N to S?
* Cote-Rotie (red only) * Condrieu (white only) (100% Viogner) * Saint-Joseph * Crozes-Hermitage * Hermitage * Cornas (red only) (100% Syrah)
40
What are the grapes of the Southern Rhone?
* Red * Grenache * Syrah * Mourvedre * White * Grenache Blanc * Roussanne * Clairette
41
Name 4 single village AOPs of the Southern Rhone?
* Châteauneuf-du-Pape * Gigondas (red only) * Vacqueyras * Tavel (dry rose only)
42
In what year was the DOC system introduced in Italy?
1963
43
What are Italy's wine classifications from largest to smallest?
* Vino * IGT * DOC * DOCG
44
Italian Labeling Terms (1 of 2)
* Classico: * The original, smaller zone and the best part of an area * Riserva: (usually indicates) * Extended aging * Lower yields * Higher alcohol * Superiore: (usually indicates) * Longer aging * Higher alcohol
45
Italian Labeling Terms (2 of2)
* Spumante * Fully Sparkling * Frizzante * Gently Sparkling * Secco * Dry * Amabile * Off-Dry * Dolce * Sweet * Recioto + Passito * Indicate the wine was made from dried grapes
46
Name 4 sparkling wines from Italy
* Franciacorta * Asti * Prosecco * Lambrusco
47
What are the 8 regions of northern Italy?
* Liguria * Piedmont * Valle d’Aosta * Lombardy * Trentino-Alto Adige * Veneto * Friuli-Venezia Giulia * Emilia-Romagna
48
What are the 6 main DOCG’s (+ grape) in Piedmont?
* Barolo (Nebbiolo) * Barbaresco (Nebbiolo) * Moscato d’Asti / Asti (Moscato) * Barbera d’Asti (Barbera) * Gavi (Cortese) * Brachetto d’Acqui (Brachetto)
49
What are the grapes of the Piedmont?
* Red * Barbera * Brachetto * Dolcetto * Nebbiolo * White * Moscato * Cortese * Arneis * Timorasso
50
What are the aging requirements for:
* Barolo * 38 months total * At least 18 months in oak * Barbaresco * 26 months total * At least 9 months in oak
51
What are the grapes of Lombardy?
* Red * Pinot Nero * Nebbiolo * White * Chardonnay * Pinot BIanco
52
What are the 2 most important DOCGs of Lombardy?
* Franciacorta * Chardonnay * Pinot Bianco * Pinot Nero * Valtellina Superiore * Nebbiolo
53
What are the grapes of Trentino-Alto Adige?
* Red * Merlot * Lagrein * White * Pinot Grigio * Pinot Bianco * Sauvignon Blanc
54
What are the major DOC’s (+ grape) in the Veneto
* Soave (Garganega) * Prosecco (Glera) * Valpolicella (Corvina + Rondinella) * Amarone della Valpolicella (Corvina + Rondinella)
55
What are the grapes of Friuli-Venezia Giulia?
* Red * Merlot * White * Pinot Grigio * Sauvignon * Friulano
56
What is Emilia-Romagna's most famous DOC?
Lambrusco
57
What are the 5 regions of Central Italy?
* Tuscany * Umbria * Latium (aka Lazio) * Marche * Abruzzo
58
What are the grapes to know from central Italy?
* Red * Sangiovese * Syrah * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot * White * Vernaccia
59
What are DOCGs of Tuscany and minimum Sangiovese percentages?
* Chianti – 70% * Chianti Classico – 80% * Brunello di Montalcino – 100%
60
What are the DOCs (+ grape) of Le Marche?
* Verdicchio di Matelica * Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi (Bigger and closer to the coast)
61
What are the 5 regions and 2 islands (+ grapes) of southern Italy?
* Campania * Red * Aglianico (Taurasi DOCG) * White * Fiano (Fiano di Avellino DOCG) * Falanghina * Greco (Greco di Tufo DOCG) * Basilicata * Calabria * Molise * Puglia * Sicily * Red * Nero d’Avola * Nerello Mascalese (Etna DOC) * White * Cassicante (Etna DOC) * Sardinia
62
How many German Wine Regions are there? Big 4?
* 13 Anbaugebiete (ahn-BAU-guh-beet) * Mosel * Rheingau * Rheinhessen * Pfalz
63
What are the grapes to know from Germany?
* Red * Pinot Noir (aka Spatburgunder) * White * Riesling * Muller-Thurgau * Silvaner
64
German quality levels
* **Landwein** (PGI) * Regional wines; rarely exported * **Qualitätswein** (PDO) * Quality wine from one of 13 major regions (anbaugebiete) * Category includes top trocken wines * **Prädikatswein** (PDO) * Subset of Qualitätswein categorized by ripeness at harvest * Six prädikate (levels of quality)
65
German Prädikat Levels of Quality
* **K**abinett * **S**pätlese * **A**uslese * **B**eerenauslese (BA) * **E**iswein (**I**cewine) * **T**rockenbeerenauslese (TBA) (Grapes picked at increasing levels of ripeness)
66
What does VDP stand for?
* Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter * Founded in 1910 * More than 200 wine professionals dedicated to preserving German wine * Grosses Gewächs * Translates into great growth * Always dry wines * Grapes from the top vineyards
67
Famous villages:
* Name two gemeinden (villages) in the Mosel famous for their Rieslings. * Urzig * Piesport * Name 1 famous vineyard in the Rheingau * Schloss Johannisberg
68
What are Austria’s 4 main wine regions?
* Niederosterreich * Wein (Vienna) * Burgenland * Styria
69
What are the 3 most important subregions of Niederosterreich?
* Wachau * Kamptal * Kremstal
70
What are the grapes of Austria?
* Red * Blaufränkisch * St. Laurent * Zweigelt * White * Gruner Veltliner * Riesling
71
What are the 3 classification levels in the Wachau?
* Steinfeder (lightest) * Federspiel * Smaragd (richest)
72
What are the only 2 wine regions in Spain with the DOCa classification?
* Rioja (first) * Priorat
73
What are some geographic features of Rioja?
* Ebro River runs through it * Pyrenees Mountains to the northeast * Cantabrian Mountains to the northwest
74
What are the 3 subregions of Rioja?
* Rioja Alta * Rioja Alavesa * Rioja Oriental
75
What are the 3 aging levels in Rioja DOCa?
* Crianza (2 years total, mix of oak and bottle) * Reserva (3 years total, 1 must be in oak) * Gran Reserva (5 years total, 2 must be in oak, 2 must be in bottle)
76
What are the grapes in Rioja?
* Red * Tempranillo * Garnacha * White * Viura
77
Ribera del Duero facts?
* Tempranillo known as Tinto Fino * Located on the Meseta (large plateau) at 2500 ft * Hot and Arid region * Cold nights give a big diurnal shift that allows grapes to retain acidity * Duero River runs through
78
Important DOs on the Duero River?
* Ribera del Duero * Toro (Rich, powerful reds from tempranillo, called Tinto de Toro here) * Rueda (Crisp, dry whites from Verdejo + Sauvignon Blanc)
79
Major DOs (+ grapes) of Catalonia?
* Penedes / Cava DO (Macabeo, Xarel-lo, Parellada) * Priorat DOCa (Garnacha, Carinena)
80
What are the 3 specific climates of Portugal and where are they?
* Maritime = Northern * Mediterranean = Central and Southern * Continental = Interior areas north and south
81
What are the 5 major DOPs + grapes in Portugal
* Vinho Verde (north coast) (Loureiro, Trajadura, Alvarinho) * Douro (north interior) (Touriga Nacional) * Baixo Corgo – somewhat influenced by the Atlantic * Cima Corgo – drier, more Continental climate * Douro Superior – hot and dry * Dão (north-central interior) (Touriga Nacional) * Bairrada (central coast) (Baga) * Alentejo (south interior…HOT) (Touriga Nacional)
82
What were the first 2 AVAs in the USA?
* Augusta, Missouri – 1980 * Napa Valley, CA – 1981
83
Agoston Haraszthy
* Originally from Hungary * Considered the patriarch of California wine industry * Founded Buena Vista winery in 1857
84
Who were two influential winemakers in California following Prohibition
* Andre Tchelistcheff * Robert Mondavi
85
What are California’s 4 major wine growing areas?
* North Coast * Mendocino * Lake * Napa * Sonoma * Central Coast * Central Valley * Sierra Foothills
86
What are California’s major Grapes?
* Red * Cabernet Sauvignon * Pinot Noir * Merlot * Zinfandel * White * Chardonnay * Sauvignon Blanc
87
Napa Geographic facts
* About 30 miles long, starts at San Pablo Bay * 2 mountain ranges * Vaca Mountains (E) * Mayacamas Mountains (W)
88
What are 5 of Napa Valley’s most important AVAs?
* Howell Mountain * Rutherford * Oakville * Stags Leap District * Carneros
89
What are Sonoma County’s major Grapes?
* Red * Pinot Noir * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot * Zinfandel * Syrah * White * Chardonnay * Sauvignon Blanc
90
Name Sonoma County's 6 most important AVAs?
* Carneros (heavily influenced by San Pablo Bay) * Sonoma Coast (on the Pacific) * Sonoma Valley * Alexander Valley * Russian River Valley * Dry Creek Valley
91
What are the 3 counties in California’s Central Coast?
* Monterey County * San Luis Obispo County (Paso Robles AVA) * Reds: * Cabernet Sauvignon * Zinfandel * Red Rhone grapes (Grenache, Syrah) * Whites * Chardonnay * Santa Barbara County * AVA’s: * Santa Maria Valley * Santa Ynez * Santa Rita Hills * Grapes * Reds: * Pinot Noir * Grenache * Syrah * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot * Whites * Chardonnay * Sauvignon Blanc
92
What are the grapes of Chile?
* Reds * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot * Carmenere * Whites * Chardonnay * Sauvignon Blanc
93
What are the 6 regional DOs in Chile from N to S?
* Atacama * Coquimbo * Aconcagua * Casablanca Valley DO * San Antonio DO * Valle Central * Maipo Valley DO * Rapel DO * Curico DO * Maule DO * Sur * Austral
94
What are the grapes of Argentina?
* Reds * Malbec * Bonarda * Cabernet Sauvignon * Syrah * Whites * Torrontes
95
3 important IGs in Argentina
* Salta * Mendoza * Lujan de Cuyo DOC * Uco Valley IG * Patagonia
96
What are the grapes of South Africa?
* Reds * Pinotage (cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsault) * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot * Syrah * Pinot Noir * Whites * Steen (Chenin Blanc) * Chardonnay * Sauvignon Blanc
97
From largest to smallest, what are the Geographical Designations in South Africa?
* Geographical Unit * Region * District * Ward * Estates
98
What four principal vine-growing areas of Australia do you need to know for the exam?
* New South Wales * Victoria * South Australia * Western Australia
99
What is the hierarchy of Australian GIs from largest to smallest?
* Country * Southeastern * State of Origin * Zones * Regions * Sub-regions
100
What are the grapes of Australia?
* Reds * Shiraz * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot * Grenache * Pinot Noir * Whites * Chardonnay * Sauvignon Blanc * Semillon * Riesling
101
The huge Southeastern Australia GI consists of all or parts of which 5 states?
* Tasmania * Victoria * Yarra Valley GI * Rutherglen GI * Murray-Darling GI * South Australia * Barossa Valley GI * Eden Valley GI * McLaren Vale GI * Clare Valley GI * Coonawarra GI * New South Wales * Hunter Valley / Hunter GI * Riverina GI * Queensland
102
What are the grapes of New Zealand?
* Reds * Pinot Noir * Cabernet Sauvignon * Syrah * Merlot * Whites * Sauvignon Blanc * Chardonnay
103
What are the 3 biggest GIs of New Zealand?
* New Zealand GI * North Island GI * Auckland * Wairarapa * Gisborne * Hawke’s Bay * South Island GI * Marlborough * Canterbury * Central Otago
104
What are the 3 grapes of Sherry?
* Palomino (Principle grape and most planted) * Pedro Ximenez * Moscatel
105
What are the two ways to age Sherry, and what are the styles from each?
* Biological * Manzanilla * Fino * Amontillado * Palo Cortado * Oxidative * Oloroso * Cream
106
What are the grapes of Madeira, and their styles of wine?
* White * Sercial – made dry * Verdelho – made off-dry * Boal – made semi-sweet * Malvasia / Malmsey – made sweet * Red * Tinta Negra (85% of all plantings)
107
What are the 2 heating processes that ‘cook’ the Madeira after it’s been fortified?
* Estufagem – used for inexpensive wines * Fortified wines are transferred to an estufa (large stainless tank) * Tank is heated to 120F and held for at least 3 months * Temp comes down and is rested for at least 3 months * Into casks for aging * Canteiro – used for premium wines * Fortified wines are put into oak casks for at least 2 years * Casks are put into attics, not temp controlled, so its more natural
108
Ruby
* Typically indicates the port was aged in a bottle * Styles * Ruby * Young * Blend of vintages and vineyards. * Inexpensive * Fruity * LBV – Late Bottle Vintage * Grapes from top Quintas blended together * Ages 4-6 years in cask before it’s bottled * Still quite fruity * Vintage * Made only from best quintas in exceptional vintages (4ish per decade) * 2 years in cask before bottle, then a decade in bottle * Most expensive * Most age worthy * Single Quinta * Fruit from the top quintas in non-declared vintages
109
Tawny
* Typically indicates the port was aged in a cask * Tawny * Nutty * Oxidized * Caramel, Toffee notes * Full bodied * High alcohol * Amber in color * 10-year Tawny (not exact measure of years, but approximation of taste) * 20-year Tawny * 30-year Tawny
110
What are 4 ways to make sweet wine in the vineyard?
* Late Harvest * Botrytis / Noble Rot * Drying Grapes (either on the vine or after they’ve been picked) * Freezing Grapes (on the vine)
111
What are 4 ways to make sweet wine in the winery?
* Fortification * Chilling down the wine and filtering out remaining yeast * Chilling down the wine and hitting it wit sulfur dioxide to kill the yeast * Adding sweetness to the wine
112
What is Botrytis Cinerea and what does it do?
* Mold * Lives in humid regions * Spores attack grapes leaving holes in the skin, causing grapes to dehydrate and concentrate the sugars * Grapes shrivel (and yields ar reduced) * Causes oxidation of grape juice, which slightly darkens the wine * Distinct flavors develop: mushroom, honey, saffron, candied ginger
113
3 countries to find Botrytized wines?
* France * Bordeaux (Sauternes) * Alsace * Loire Valley * Quarts de Chaume * Bonnezeaux * Vouvray Moelleux * Hungary * Tokaj Rejion (Tokaj Aszu is name of wine) * Germany * Auslese * Beerenauslese * Trockenbeerenauslese
114
2 terms on Italian labels indicating sweet wines / dried grapes?
* Passito * Recioto
115
Name 4 Italian appellations and the region they’re in that make sweet wines from dried grapes.
* Vin Santo – Tuscany * Elba Aleatico Passito – Tuscany * Recioto della Valpolicella – Veneto * Recioto di Soave – Veneto
116
How many sake breweries exist in Japan today?
1400
117
5 Ingredients in Sake?
* Water * Rice * Koji-Kin * Yeast * Brewer’s Alcohol (not always used)
118
How many types of sake rice exist? How many are premium?
* More than 50 exist * 8 – 10 are used in premium-quality sake
119
What is Koji-Kin and what does it do?
* A fungus native to Asia * Converts starches found in rice into fermentable sugars
120
What is Brewer’s Alcohol? Why use it?
* A neutral, distilled alcohol that can be added to sake * Cheap Sake = To increase yield and stabilize / give a longer shelf life * Premium Sake = To draw more flavor out, add richness, stabilize
121
What are the Sake quality grades in order from good to premium? What percentage of rice has been polished away?
* Junmai – 30% (or 70% remains) * Junmai means NO brewers alcohol has been added * Honjozo – 30% (or 70% remains) * Brewers alcohol HAS been added * Ginjo – 40% (or 60% Remains) * Daiginjo – 50%
122
What is Namazake? Nigori?
* Unpasteurized Sake (always needs to be refrigerated) * Nigori looks milky and is typically off-dry

Luke's Somm Stuff (1 decks)

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