Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHTY302 > Intro Stroke (1a) > Flashcards

Intro Stroke (1a) Flashcards

1
Q

What was stroke previously called?

A

CVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of neurological disability in adults?

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Correct way to refer to someone who has had a stroke

A

Stroke survivor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the definition of a stroke?

A

Acute onset of neurological deficit lasting greater than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than a vascular cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of a TIA

A

Transient Ischaemic Attack - neurological defecit lasting less than 24 hours with a vascular aetiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 major groups of stroke? (and their prevalence)

A

Ischaemic (85%)

Haemorrhagic (15%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of ischaemic stroke and their prevalence (of all strokes)?

A

Artherothrombosis - 30%
Embolism - 25%
Small vessel disease - 20%
Watershed infarction - 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a watershed infarction?

A

Ischaemic infarct where 2 major supplies are intersecting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of haemorrhagic stroke and their prevalence (of all strokes)?

A

Subarachnoid - 5%

Intracerbral - 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an intracerebral stroke?

A

Bleed inside the cerebral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ischaemic penumbra?

A

An area of vulnerable brain tissue surrounding the ischaemic brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is timely medical intervention important when considering an ischaemic penumbra?

A

If blood flow can be restored

  • The exten of the damage caused by secondary and delayed mechanisms can be limited
  • The ischaemic penumbra may be salvaged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the risk factors for stroke?

A 
Hypertension
Diabetes melitis
Heart disease
Increased blood lipid levels
Obesity 
Smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acronym for stroke first aid/potential stroke

A

F -face
A - arms
S- speech
T- time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What supplies the anterior circulation?

A

Internal carotid artery system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What supplies the posterior circulation?

A

Vertebro-basilar system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the primary impairments after a stroke?

A 
Hemiplegia or hemiparesis
Spasticity 
Sensory impairments 
Visual impairments
Impairments of higher cortical function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is hemiplegia/hemiparesis

A

unilateral paralysis/paresis on the side of the body conntralateral to the brain lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the prominent motor impairments following a stroje?

A

loss of strength (weakness)

loss of dexterity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can loss of movement vary after a stroke and why?

A

Varies with size and site of lesions

Ranges from total paralysis to loss of selectivity of distal movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe steps to loss of strength and dexterity after a stroke

A 
Lesions of cortical motor areas and their projections 
>
Decreased descending input to spinal motor neurons
> 
Reduced activation of motor units
>
Impaired muscle activation 
>
Loss of strength and dexterity

( If inactive also get disuse atrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Effect of stroke on ipsilateral body

A

General also weakness on the side of the body ipsilateral to the brain lesion

Strength ipsilateral side: 65% - 89% of normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does MCA stroke affect movement?

A

Worse in UL than LL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does ACA stroke affect movement?

A

Worse in LL than UL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is spasticity?
A velocity dependent increase in the tonic stretch reflex?
26
When may spasticity become evident after a stroke?
4-6 weeks
27
Which side is affected by sensory impairments after a stroke?
Typical stroke: anterior circulation = contralateral posterior = ipsilateral and contralateral
28
What are the different sensory impairments after a stroke?
Tactile (light touch localisation, pressure, texture) Proprioception (/joint position sense, passive movement sense, vibration) Pain Temperature Visual impairments
29
What is hemianopia?
loss of visual field on the side of the hemiplegia
30
What is the loss of a quadrant of the visual field?
Quadrantanopia
31
What is loss of conjugate gaze?
Loss of ability to move eyes together
32
What do impairments of higher cortical function affefct?
``` Language Motor planning Perception Cognition Emotion and behaviour ```
33
What is aphasia/dysphasia?
Difficulty with the spoken word (NOT related to weakness of the mouth) - Receptive - Expressive - Global (both)
34
What is dyslexia
Difficulty with reading
35
What is dysgraphia?
Difficulty with writing
36
What are motor planning impairmentss?
Dyspraxia/Apraxia
37
What are some of the cognitive impairments after a stroke?
General intellectual function Memory Attention ``` Executive functions: problem solving motivation planning organisation ```
38
Emotional problems after a stroke
Lability Depression Anxiety
39
What are some behavioural changes after a stroke?
Impulsivity Disinhibition Personality changes (agressive or passive behaviour) Decreased insight (unrealistic goals, failure to see the relevance)
40
What is dysarthria
Physical production of speech, difficulty with articulation
41
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty with swallowings
42
What are secondary impairments that affect the muscle after a stroke?
Disuse weakness Length changes Atrophy Increased muscle stiffness
43
What are some general secondary impairments after a stroke?
``` Adaptive motor patterns (overactivity) Changes in joint mobility (Stiffness) Decreased neural length Decreased bone density (decreased WB/load) Decreased cardiorespiratory endurace Pain Learned non use ```
44
what is a TAC
Total anterior circulation stroke
45
What is a PAC?
Partial anterior circulation stroke
46
What is a POC?
Posterior circulation stroke
47
What is a LAC?
Lacunar stroke
48
What does S mean in bamford/oxfordshire classification?
Syndrome- inderterminate pathogenesis, prior to imaging eg TACS
49
What does I mean in bamford/oxfordshire classification?
Infarct eg TACI (most often)
50
What does H mean in bamford/oxfordshire classification?
Haemorrhage
51
In the Bamford 0r Oxfordshire Classification, what must be present to be classifed as Total anterior circulation syndrome (TACS)?
All of the following three features: - Hemiplegia involving at least two thirds of face, arm and leg +/- hemisensory loss contralaterally - Homonymous Hemianopia contralaterally - Cortical signs (dysphasia, neglect etc)
52
Bamford or Oxfordshire classification for posterior anterior circulation syndrome (PACS)
2 out of 3 features present in a TACS or Isolated cortical dysfunction such as dysphasia or; Pure motor/sensory signs less sever thanin lacunar syndromes (eg monoparesis)
53
The Bamford or Oxfordshire classicfcation for Lacunar Syndromes (LACS)
Features include motor +/- sensory deficits adffecting at least two thirds of the face, arm, leg and ataxic hemiparesis in the absence of visual field deficits and cortical signs
54
Bamford or Oxfordshire classification Posterior Syndromes (POCS)
Heterogenous group of strokes Brainstem or cerebellar dysfucntion: - Cranial nerve palsies with contralateral moto and/or sensory deficits Biolaterral motor and/or sensory deficits Conjugate eye movement disorders Isolated homonymous hemianopia Cortical blindness ( can see things but not interpret) Cerebellar deficits without ipsilateral motore/sensory signs.
55
Bamford or Oxfordshire classification Posterior Syndromes (POCS)
Heterogenous group of strokes Brainstem or cerebellar dysfucntion: - Cranial nerve palsies with contralateral moto and/or sensory deficits Biolaterral motor and/or sensory deficits Conjugate eye movement disorders Isolated homonymous hemianopia Cortical blindness ( can see things but not interpret) Cerebellar deficits without ipsilateral motore/sensory signs.
56
What is the frequency of subtypes of infarct (most to least)
PACS LACS & POCS TACS
57
Which type of stroke has the worst prognosis?
TACS - 60 dead one year later, ~35 dependent, ~ 5 independent
58
What is the left hemisphere mainly responsible for?
Langauge and analytical activity
59
What is the right hemisphere mainly responsible for?
visuo-spatial functions and attetnion
60
What side of the brain is usually dominant?
Left
61
What is typical of a dominant sided stroke?
``` Aphasia Dysgraphia Dyscalculia Apraxia: - ideomotor - ideational - constructional Preservation (motor and speech) ```
62
What is typical of a non dominant stroke?
Unilateral neglect Inattention/extinction Agnosis (trouble remembering faces) Body image impairment Other impairments of visuo-spatial awareness Motor impersistance (inability to sustain a movement)
63
``` Left sided stroke: Concentration: Movement time: Performance: Carryover effect Attitude: Mood: ```
``` Concentration: good Movement time: slow Performance: correct Carryover effect: good Attitude: realistic Mood: depressed, anxious, frustrated, can be labile ```
64
``` Right side stroke: Concentration: Movement time: Performance: Carryover effect Attitude: Mood: ```
``` Concentration: poor/distractible Movement time: Impulsive Performance: Erratic Carryover effect: poor Attitude: Unrealistic Mood: May appear unmotivated. Can be labile ```
65
What type of treatment environment and professionals has shown the best results?
People treated in a dedicated stroke unit - brings togehter in one geographically located ward an interdisciplinary team of professionals with an interest and expertisein stroke care
66
who is part of the treatment team for stroke?
``` Physicians Nurses Physios OT speech pathologists ``` Often also includes: dieticians social worker orthoptists referral may be appropriate eg psychiatry/psychology or optometry
67
Roles and responsibilites of stroke management team
- immediate management of stroke and secondary complications - physical, psychosocial, spiritual and bereavement needs of both the patient and the carer/family - meeting information needs of pt/family - Coordinated discharge home/rehab - End of life care
68
What are the different levels of stroke care?
Acute care Rehab Community-based rehab
69
Where could acute care of stroke occur?
Neurological ward Acute stroke unit Mixed medical ward Neurological unit
70
Where could rehab of a stroke occur?
Mixed rehab unit Stroke unit Slow stream rehabilitation
71
Where could community based rehab occur?
``` Hospital outpatient/day therapy Community centre Private practice Home based Residential care. ```
72
Where to look for evidence on stroke treatmnet
Australian Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management
73
What is the evidence for physio after a stroke
``` Strong evidence: Early rehab Task related practice Increased intensity of practice potential for improvement may exist for many years ```
74
What are the key aspects of physio management of stroke?
Address primary impairments Increase strength and train dexterity in context of everyday acticvites Prevent and manage secondary impairments

PHTY302 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions