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Physiology 502 > Intro Structure and Function + Neuro (Part 1) > Flashcards

Intro Structure and Function + Neuro (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanistic vs. Teleological

A

How vs. Why

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2
Q

Composition

A

Cells, tissue, organs, organ system

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3
Q

Four types of tissue

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Muscle
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining steady state around set point

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5
Q

Fluid composition

A

2/3 ICF + 1/3 ECF
ECF = ISF + PLASMA

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6
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Communication though electricity and chemical

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7
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contraction

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Protect, transport, barrier, transduce

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9
Q

Connective tissue

A

Structure, transport, protect

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10
Q

Negative feedback

A

i.e. thermostat
Opposite reaction to return to set point

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11
Q

Positive feedback

A

ex. oxytocin during labor
Explosive reaction

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12
Q

Feedforward regulation

A

ex. hunger, exercise
Anticipatory, body preparation

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13
Q

Membrane potential

A

Voltage across membrane from separation of charge

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14
Q

K+ ion

A

Major contributor to resting membrane potential
High concentration inside cell
Moves through leak channels, ion channels and Na/K pump

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15
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

Flow into cell = flow out of cell

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16
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Balance of equilibrium potential of all ions

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17
Q

Excitable cells

A

Trigger by change in membrane potential

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18
Q

Steps of action potential

A
  1. Membrane depolarized to threshold
  2. Na channels open and Na flows in
  3. Depolarization cascade
  4. Na inactivation gate; K channels opens
  5. K flows into cell
  6. Repolarization
  7. Overshoot - hyperpolarization
  8. K channels close, membrane repolarizes
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19
Q

Action potential

A

Regenerated along axon, sped up by myelination, all or none

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20
Q

Graded potentials

A

EPSPs or IPSPs
Amplitude can change, decay along axon
Summed temporally or spatially
If they reach threshold, can be act pot

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21
Q

Release of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Act pot reaches axon terminal
  2. Ca channels open
  3. Ca enters and binds to vessicles
  4. Vessicles released and neurotransmitter released
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22
Q

Removal of neurotransmitter

A
  1. Diffusion away
  2. Reuptake
  3. Broken down into components
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23
Q

CNS and PNS connection

A

Separated by foramen magnum

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24
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory signal to CNS

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25
Q

Efferent

A

CNS to effectors

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26
Q

Cell bodies

A

CNS - nucleus
PNS - ganglion

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27
Q

Axons

A

CNS = tracts
PNS = nerves

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28
Q

Cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Limbic system

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29
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

4 lobes - Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
2 halves - connected by corpus callous
6 layers - pyramidal or nonpyramidal neurons
Columns specialized

30
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Voluntary movement, especially initiation

31
Q

Limbic system

A

Learning, memory and emotion

32
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalmus
Pituitary
Pineal gland

33
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay

34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis

35
Q

Pituitary

A

Release hormones

36
Q

Pineal gland

A

Biological clock

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

Regulating voluntary movement

38
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain
Control centers i.e. respiratory, cardiovascular

39
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
40
Q

Spinal canal

A

Made of stacked foramen
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
CTLS

41
Q

Dorsal and ventral horns

A

Sensory enters dorsal, motor exits ventral

42
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Secretes CSF

43
Q

CSF

A

derived from plasma, flows through subarachnoid space and ventricles
bathes brain and spinal cord
provides cushion and removes waste

44
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Astrocytes wrap around blood vessels creating tight junctions
Flow in and out limited, preserving brain ECF
Lipid soluble, sugar, H2O, O2, CO2

45
Q

signal transduction

A

energy to neural signal

46
Q

primary afferent neurons

A

send sensory info to CNS

47
Q

things to encode in signal

A
  1. Modality
  2. Intensity
  3. Adaptation
  4. Location
48
Q

Increase action potential frequency by…

A

Receptor amplitude
Amount of neurotransmitters

49
Q

Modality

A

“Adequate stimulus” for different types of receptors

50
Q

Types of receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Nociceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
51
Q

Labelled line

A

Different modalities have different paths to cortex

52
Q

Areas of brain involved in sensation

A

Primary cortical sensory areas
Cortical associaation areas

53
Q

Intensity

A

Increase action potential frequency
Recruitment other cells

54
Q

Adaptation

A

Decreased action potential frequency

55
Q

Slow adapting

A

Continuous stimulus

56
Q

Rapid adapting

A

Changes in stimuli

57
Q

Location

A

On the body vs. outside the body
Acuity

58
Q

Receptive field

A

Increase size of receptive field, decrease acuity

59
Q

Receptor density

A

Increased receptor density, increased acuity

60
Q

Convergence

A

Increased convergence, decreased acuity

61
Q

Outer ear

A
  1. Pinna or auricle
  2. Ear canal
  3. Outer surface of tympanic membrane
62
Q

Middle ear

A
  1. Tympanic membrane
  2. Ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
  3. Muscles
  4. Eustachian tube
63
Q

Inner ear

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Oval window
  3. Round window
  4. Scala vestibuli
  5. Scala tympani
  6. Scala media
  7. Basilar membrane
64
Q

Sound transduction

A
  1. Modality
  2. Intensity (loudness)
  3. Frequency (pitch)
  4. Duration
  5. Spatial location
65
Q

Frequency

A

Place code or tonotopic organization
Damage of hair cells in certain spot of basilar membrane causes hearing loss at specific frequency
Labelled line of traveling wave, specific part of membrane

66
Q

Basilar membrane organization

A

Base: thinner, more stiff, high frequency
Apex: wider, less stiff, lo frequency

67
Q

Hair cells

A

Mechanically gated
With movement, K enters & depolarizes, Ca released, glutamate released

68
Q

Steps of audition

A
  1. Sounds hits tympanic membrane
  2. Middle ear bones move
  3. Stapes transmits vibrations to cochlear fluid
  4. Change in pressure of cochlear
  5. Movement of membranes causes movement of hair bundles
  6. K enters and depolarizes
  7. Current generates receptor potential
  8. Calcium released
  9. Glutamate release triggered
  10. EPSP induced
69
Q

Organ of corti

A

Filled with hair cells

70
Q

Localization of sound

A

Auricle, comparison of sound between 2 ears, hearing centers in brain

71
Q

Cochlear prothesis

A

Microphone for sound input, stimulating electrons to activate labelled line

Physiology 502 (4 decks)

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