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Physiology 502 > Intro Structure and Function + Neuro (Part 1) > Flashcards

Intro Structure and Function + Neuro (Part 1) Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Mechanistic vs. Teleological

A

How vs. Why

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2
Q

Composition

A

Cells, tissue, organs, organ system

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3
Q

Four types of tissue

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Muscle
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining steady state around set point

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5
Q

Fluid composition

A

2/3 ICF + 1/3 ECF
ECF = ISF + PLASMA

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6
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Communication though electricity and chemical

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7
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contraction

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Protect, transport, barrier, transduce

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9
Q

Connective tissue

A

Structure, transport, protect

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10
Q

Negative feedback

A

i.e. thermostat
Opposite reaction to return to set point

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11
Q

Positive feedback

A

ex. oxytocin during labor
Explosive reaction

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12
Q

Feedforward regulation

A

ex. hunger, exercise
Anticipatory, body preparation

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13
Q

Membrane potential

A

Voltage across membrane from separation of charge

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14
Q

K+ ion

A

Major contributor to resting membrane potential
High concentration inside cell
Moves through leak channels, ion channels and Na/K pump

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15
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

Flow into cell = flow out of cell

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16
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Balance of equilibrium potential of all ions

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17
Q

Excitable cells

A

Trigger by change in membrane potential

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18
Q

Steps of action potential

A
  1. Membrane depolarized to threshold
  2. Na channels open and Na flows in
  3. Depolarization cascade
  4. Na inactivation gate; K channels opens
  5. K flows into cell
  6. Repolarization
  7. Overshoot - hyperpolarization
  8. K channels close, membrane repolarizes
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19
Q

Action potential

A

Regenerated along axon, sped up by myelination, all or none

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20
Q

Graded potentials

A

EPSPs or IPSPs
Amplitude can change, decay along axon
Summed temporally or spatially
If they reach threshold, can be act pot

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21
Q

Release of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Act pot reaches axon terminal
  2. Ca channels open
  3. Ca enters and binds to vessicles
  4. Vessicles released and neurotransmitter released
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22
Q

Removal of neurotransmitter

A
  1. Diffusion away
  2. Reuptake
  3. Broken down into components
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23
Q

CNS and PNS connection

A

Separated by foramen magnum

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24
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory signal to CNS

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25
Efferent
CNS to effectors
26
Cell bodies
CNS - nucleus PNS - ganglion
27
Axons
CNS = tracts PNS = nerves
28
Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex Basal nuclei Limbic system
29
Cerebral cortex
4 lobes - Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital 2 halves - connected by corpus callous 6 layers - pyramidal or nonpyramidal neurons Columns specialized
30
Basal nuclei
Voluntary movement, especially initiation
31
Limbic system
Learning, memory and emotion
32
Diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalmus Pituitary Pineal gland
33
Thalamus
Sensory relay
34
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
35
Pituitary
Release hormones
36
Pineal gland
Biological clock
37
Cerebellum
Regulating voluntary movement
38
Brainstem
Medulla, pons, midbrain Control centers i.e. respiratory, cardiovascular
39
Cranial nerves
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
40
Spinal canal
Made of stacked foramen Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral CTLS
41
Dorsal and ventral horns
Sensory enters dorsal, motor exits ventral
42
Choroid plexus
Secretes CSF
43
CSF
derived from plasma, flows through subarachnoid space and ventricles bathes brain and spinal cord provides cushion and removes waste
44
Blood Brain Barrier
Astrocytes wrap around blood vessels creating tight junctions Flow in and out limited, preserving brain ECF Lipid soluble, sugar, H2O, O2, CO2
45
signal transduction
energy to neural signal
46
primary afferent neurons
send sensory info to CNS
47
things to encode in signal
1. Modality 2. Intensity 3. Adaptation 4. Location
48
Increase action potential frequency by...
Receptor amplitude Amount of neurotransmitters
49
Modality
"Adequate stimulus" for different types of receptors
50
Types of receptors
1. Mechanoreceptors 2. Thermoreceptors 3. Nociceptors 4. Chemoreceptors
51
Labelled line
Different modalities have different paths to cortex
52
Areas of brain involved in sensation
Primary cortical sensory areas Cortical associaation areas
53
Intensity
Increase action potential frequency Recruitment other cells
54
Adaptation
Decreased action potential frequency
55
Slow adapting
Continuous stimulus
56
Rapid adapting
Changes in stimuli
57
Location
On the body vs. outside the body Acuity
58
Receptive field
Increase size of receptive field, decrease acuity
59
Receptor density
Increased receptor density, increased acuity
60
Convergence
Increased convergence, decreased acuity
61
Outer ear
1. Pinna or auricle 2. Ear canal 3. Outer surface of tympanic membrane
62
Middle ear
1. Tympanic membrane 2. Ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes 3. Muscles 4. Eustachian tube
63
Inner ear
1. Cochlea 2. Oval window 3. Round window 4. Scala vestibuli 5. Scala tympani 6. Scala media 7. Basilar membrane
64
Sound transduction
1. Modality 2. Intensity (loudness) 3. Frequency (pitch) 4. Duration 5. Spatial location
65
Frequency
Place code or tonotopic organization Damage of hair cells in certain spot of basilar membrane causes hearing loss at specific frequency Labelled line of traveling wave, specific part of membrane
66
Basilar membrane organization
Base: thinner, more stiff, high frequency Apex: wider, less stiff, lo frequency
67
Hair cells
Mechanically gated With movement, K enters & depolarizes, Ca released, glutamate released
68
Steps of audition
1. Sounds hits tympanic membrane 2. Middle ear bones move 3. Stapes transmits vibrations to cochlear fluid 4. Change in pressure of cochlear 5. Movement of membranes causes movement of hair bundles 6. K enters and depolarizes 7. Current generates receptor potential 8. Calcium released 9. Glutamate release triggered 10. EPSP induced
69
Organ of corti
Filled with hair cells
70
Localization of sound
Auricle, comparison of sound between 2 ears, hearing centers in brain
71
Cochlear prothesis
Microphone for sound input, stimulating electrons to activate labelled line

Physiology 502 (4 decks)

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