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Physiology 502 > Neuro (Part 2) > Flashcards

Neuro (Part 2) Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Motor control

A

Cortex
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum

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2
Q

Dorsal root

A

Sensory

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3
Q

Ventral root

A

Motor

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4
Q

Antagonistic muscle

A

Extensor vs. flexor

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5
Q

Motor unit

A

Single alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibers it ennervates

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6
Q

Motor pool

A

Group of alpha motor that innervate muslce

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7
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Stretch detectors
Innervated by 1a afferent sensory neurons

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8
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Generate force and movement
Innervated by alpha motor neuron

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9
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Respond to muscle movement
Innervated by gamma motor neurons

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10
Q

Golgi tendon

A

Monitor tension to prevent muscle
Innervated by type 1b afferent

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11
Q

Divergence

A

I signal to multiple areas
ex. leg withdrawal

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12
Q

Convergence

A

Multiples neurons meet
Involved interneurons

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13
Q

Reverberating circuit

A

Maintain input through excitatory, positive feedback
ex. working memory

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14
Q

Rhythmic circuit

A

Switch between activating and inhibiting
ex. Walking, stance vs. swing

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15
Q

Primary primary cortex

A

Somatopically organized
Project to spine
Cross over laterally
Control small groups of muscle

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16
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

A

Programming and coordinating
Planning and executing
ex. rehearsing

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17
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Set related neurons fire before and until action completed
Planning and execution

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18
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Integrates visual info for movement i.e. depth perception

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

Initiation, coordination and modulation based on sensory input
Made up of parking cells with dense dendrites

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20
Q

Climbing fibers

A

Strong pathways in cerebellum

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21
Q

Parallel fibers

A

Weaker pathways in cerebellum

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22
Q

Basal nucleus

A

Planning and execution

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23
Q

D1 neurons

A

Promote action

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24
Q

D2 neurons

A

Indirect, inhibit action

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25
Basal nuclei VS Cerebellum
Basal nuclei is higher order aspect of movement Cerebellum is execution of movement
26
Parkinson's Disease
Symptoms: reduced and slowed movement, 3 Hz tremor Cause: loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra Treatment: L-Dopa, DBS
27
MPTP
Kills dopamine neurons - Parkinson's like symptoms
28
Huntington's disease
Symptoms: involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, mood disorders Cause: CAG repeats, polyglutamine disease, autosomal dominant Treatment: gene therapy, stem cells
29
Tardive dyskinesia
Symptoms: involuntary movement, cognitive impairment, mood disorders Cause: long term use of antipsychotics leads to dopamine hypersensitivity Treatment: discontinue antipsychotics
30
Somatic VS. Autonomic
Somatic: voluntary, peripheral, monosynaptic Autonomic: involuntary, central, disynaptic, direct inhibition
31
Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic
Sympathetic = fight or flight, more organ innervation, ACh then NE Parasympathetic = rest and digest, less organ innervation, ACh then ACh
32
Dually innervated
Adrenal gland Cortex = endocrine glan Medulla = chromatffin, excitable neuroendocrine
33
Enteric nervous system
Myenteric plexus - outer, gut motility Submucosal - inner, gut secretions
34
Heart experiment
Heart submerged in ACh bath without electricity still functioned - chemical signals, discovery of ACh
35
Hormone pathway
Hypothalamus release hypophysiotropic hormone to pituitary Pituitary release anterior pituitary hormone to gland Gland release third hormone to target
36
Anterior pituitary
Gland Growth, metabolism, reproduction
37
Posterior pituitary
Neural tissue Water balance, birth + lactation
38
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin, internal clock
39
Explicit/declarative memory
Semantic - facts Episodic - autobiographical
40
Implicit/Non-declarative memory
Skills Conditioning
41
Ranges of memory
STM (5-7 units) ITM LTM vLTM
42
Anterograde amnesia
Cannot form new memories
43
Retrograde amnesia
Can't remember past
44
Hippocampus
Trisynaptic pathway with pyramidal neurons
45
Perforant pathway
Entorhinal cortex to granule cells in dentate gyrus
46
Mossy fiber
Granule cells to CA3
47
Schaffer collaterals
CA3 to CA1
48
HM
Removal of bilateral hippocampus led to anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia Able to learn
49
EP
Encephalitis damaged medial temporal lobe Anterograde amnesia Semantic and episodic memories from earlier in life in tact
50
Morris Water Maze
animals learn to find platform, even without platform can't learn with hippocampal lesions
51
Age & LTM
Age disrupts LTM
52
Pavlovian conditioning
Contextual - learn to fear environment Cued - learn to fear sound New environment - no fear until sound cue Hippocampal lesion, slow to learn but able to learn fear over time
53
Long term potentiation
Encoding of memories
54
Hebb's postulate
Cells that fire together, wire together
55
Synaptic strength increases
Rapidly induced, cooperatively, associativity
56
Cooperativity
Must reach threshold
57
Associativity
Activation of strong pathway can boost weak pathway
58
Tetanus
High frequency stimulation which can strengthen EPSP
59
AMPA receptors
Faster, depolarized by influx of Na+
60
NMDA receptors
Slower, depends on AMPA, blocked by Mg2+
61
Removal of Mg2+ block
Na+ influx causes depolarization, repulsion of positive charges removes Mg2+
62
Elevation of Ca2+
Necessary for LTP
63
Ca2+ and Calmodulin
CAMKII depends on Ca2+ and calmodulin, open active site, persistently open
64
CAMKII
Activates AMPA receptors through phosphorylation Recruits AMPA receptors
65
Memory consolidation
Encoded over time with lability which decreases over time
66
Labile stage
Memory is sensitive to post-experience at first but overtimes, less disruptablee
67
Range of LTP
E-LTP to L-LTP, depends on amount of high frequency
68
LTM
Requires new proteins
69
CREB
Promotes new proteins
70
Autism
Lack of specific proteins
71
Fragile X
Excess methylation, spindly neurons
72
mGluR
Target for synaptic plasticity Plays roles in LTD

Physiology 502 (4 decks)

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