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Physiology 502 > Neuro (Part 2) > Flashcards

Neuro (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Motor control

A

Cortex
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum

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2
Q

Dorsal root

A

Sensory

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3
Q

Ventral root

A

Motor

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4
Q

Antagonistic muscle

A

Extensor vs. flexor

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5
Q

Motor unit

A

Single alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibers it ennervates

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6
Q

Motor pool

A

Group of alpha motor that innervate muslce

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7
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Stretch detectors
Innervated by 1a afferent sensory neurons

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8
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Generate force and movement
Innervated by alpha motor neuron

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9
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Respond to muscle movement
Innervated by gamma motor neurons

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10
Q

Golgi tendon

A

Monitor tension to prevent muscle
Innervated by type 1b afferent

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11
Q

Divergence

A

I signal to multiple areas
ex. leg withdrawal

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12
Q

Convergence

A

Multiples neurons meet
Involved interneurons

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13
Q

Reverberating circuit

A

Maintain input through excitatory, positive feedback
ex. working memory

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14
Q

Rhythmic circuit

A

Switch between activating and inhibiting
ex. Walking, stance vs. swing

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15
Q

Primary primary cortex

A

Somatopically organized
Project to spine
Cross over laterally
Control small groups of muscle

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16
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

A

Programming and coordinating
Planning and executing
ex. rehearsing

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17
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Set related neurons fire before and until action completed
Planning and execution

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18
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Integrates visual info for movement i.e. depth perception

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

Initiation, coordination and modulation based on sensory input
Made up of parking cells with dense dendrites

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20
Q

Climbing fibers

A

Strong pathways in cerebellum

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21
Q

Parallel fibers

A

Weaker pathways in cerebellum

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22
Q

Basal nucleus

A

Planning and execution

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23
Q

D1 neurons

A

Promote action

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24
Q

D2 neurons

A

Indirect, inhibit action

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25
Q

Basal nuclei VS Cerebellum

A

Basal nuclei is higher order aspect of movement
Cerebellum is execution of movement

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26
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Symptoms: reduced and slowed movement, 3 Hz tremor
Cause: loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra
Treatment: L-Dopa, DBS

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27
Q

MPTP

A

Kills dopamine neurons - Parkinson’s like symptoms

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28
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Symptoms: involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, mood disorders
Cause: CAG repeats, polyglutamine disease, autosomal dominant
Treatment: gene therapy, stem cells

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29
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Symptoms: involuntary movement, cognitive impairment, mood disorders
Cause: long term use of antipsychotics leads to dopamine hypersensitivity
Treatment: discontinue antipsychotics

30
Q

Somatic VS. Autonomic

A

Somatic: voluntary, peripheral, monosynaptic
Autonomic: involuntary, central, disynaptic, direct inhibition

31
Q

Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic = fight or flight, more organ innervation, ACh then NE
Parasympathetic = rest and digest, less organ innervation, ACh then ACh

32
Q

Dually innervated

A

Adrenal gland
Cortex = endocrine glan
Medulla = chromatffin, excitable neuroendocrine

33
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Myenteric plexus - outer, gut motility
Submucosal - inner, gut secretions

34
Q

Heart experiment

A

Heart submerged in ACh bath without electricity still functioned - chemical signals, discovery of ACh

35
Q

Hormone pathway

A

Hypothalamus release hypophysiotropic hormone to pituitary
Pituitary release anterior pituitary hormone to gland
Gland release third hormone to target

36
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Gland
Growth, metabolism, reproduction

37
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Neural tissue
Water balance, birth + lactation

38
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin, internal clock

39
Q

Explicit/declarative memory

A

Semantic - facts
Episodic - autobiographical

40
Q

Implicit/Non-declarative memory

A

Skills
Conditioning

41
Q

Ranges of memory

A

STM (5-7 units)
ITM
LTM
vLTM

42
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Cannot form new memories

43
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Can’t remember past

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

Trisynaptic pathway with pyramidal neurons

45
Q

Perforant pathway

A

Entorhinal cortex to granule cells in dentate gyrus

46
Q

Mossy fiber

A

Granule cells to CA3

47
Q

Schaffer collaterals

A

CA3 to CA1

48
Q

HM

A

Removal of bilateral hippocampus led to anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
Able to learn

49
Q

EP

A

Encephalitis damaged medial temporal lobe
Anterograde amnesia
Semantic and episodic memories from earlier in life in tact

50
Q

Morris Water Maze

A

animals learn to find platform, even without platform
can’t learn with hippocampal lesions

51
Q

Age & LTM

A

Age disrupts LTM

52
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A

Contextual - learn to fear environment
Cued - learn to fear sound

New environment - no fear until sound cue

Hippocampal lesion, slow to learn but able to learn fear over time

53
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Encoding of memories

54
Q

Hebb’s postulate

A

Cells that fire together, wire together

55
Q

Synaptic strength increases

A

Rapidly induced, cooperatively, associativity

56
Q

Cooperativity

A

Must reach threshold

57
Q

Associativity

A

Activation of strong pathway can boost weak pathway

58
Q

Tetanus

A

High frequency stimulation which can strengthen EPSP

59
Q

AMPA receptors

A

Faster, depolarized by influx of Na+

60
Q

NMDA receptors

A

Slower, depends on AMPA, blocked by Mg2+

61
Q

Removal of Mg2+ block

A

Na+ influx causes depolarization, repulsion of positive charges removes Mg2+

62
Q

Elevation of Ca2+

A

Necessary for LTP

63
Q

Ca2+ and Calmodulin

A

CAMKII depends on Ca2+ and calmodulin, open active site, persistently open

64
Q

CAMKII

A

Activates AMPA receptors through phosphorylation
Recruits AMPA receptors

65
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Encoded over time with lability which decreases over time

66
Q

Labile stage

A

Memory is sensitive to post-experience at first but overtimes, less disruptablee

67
Q

Range of LTP

A

E-LTP to L-LTP, depends on amount of high frequency

68
Q

LTM

A

Requires new proteins

69
Q

CREB

A

Promotes new proteins

70
Q

Autism

A

Lack of specific proteins

71
Q

Fragile X

A

Excess methylation, spindly neurons

72
Q

mGluR

A

Target for synaptic plasticity
Plays roles in LTD

Physiology 502 (4 decks)

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