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Anatomical Science Exam 3 > Intro to anatomy, radiology, neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to anatomy, radiology, neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

A

concentric- shortening
isometric- static
eccentric- lengthening

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2
Q

Why are surface landmarks important?

A

-localize deeper structures
-muscle attachments
-detect asymmetries
-describe location of injury
-locate pulses

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3
Q

What is a frontal plane?

A

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

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4
Q

Supine is ____

A

lying face up

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4
Q

what is a sagittal plane?

A

divides body into right and left (midsagittal divides directly in half)

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5
Q

Prone is _____

A

lying face down

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6
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

radiation with sufficient energy to cause ionization of atom or molecule (ie strong enough to damage an atom or molecule)

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6
Q

what is the difference between radiolucent and radiopaque?

A

radiolucent appears black (air)
radiopaque appears white (metal)

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7
Q

what is a transverse plane?

A

divides body into superior and inferior

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8
Q

what determines how x rays penetrate?

A

density, atomic weight, higher anomic number the more radiopaque

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8
Q

what absorbs Xays?

A

metals

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9
Q

What is superimposition that occurs with x rays?

A

structures laying on top of eachother make it harder to see

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10
Q

what is a disadvantage to xray?

A

-ionizing radiation
-limited visualization die to superimposition
-narrow grayscale

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11
Q

what are the advantages of Xray?

A

-quick
-available bedside
-cost effective

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12
Q

What is CT?

A

assembles a series of xrays to make cross sections of the body

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12
Q

what is isodense? What scan uses it to describe color?

A

appears the same
ct

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13
Q

what are advantages to CT?

A

extended grayscale
no imposition
1 scan has many consecutive images to allow the tracking of structures

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13
Q

what is hypo dense? What scan uses it to describe color?

A

appearing dark
ct

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13
Q

what are the cons to CT?

A

ionizing radiation
more expensive
requires going into a scanner
potential for contrast rxn is used

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14
Q

what is hyperdense? What scan uses it to describe color?

A

appears light
ct

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15
Q

what is cone beam computed tomography?

A

incorporates CT to produce #Dimages of body

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16
Q

What is contrast with imaging?

A

contrast is ingested to allow the visualization of certain structures

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17
Q

What is the difference between T1 and T2 MRI?

A

T1: highlights fat
T2: highlights water

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18
Q

what does high signal intensity mean?

A

appears white/light on MRI

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19
what does intermediate signal intensity mean?
appears grey on MRI
20
uses relative to reference structures what is the difference between hypointense and hyperintense?
hypo darker hyper lighter
20
What are the advantages to MRI?
no ionizing radiation best to access muscles, ligaments, tendons good for pregnancy women 1 scan many images
20
what does low signal intensity mean?
appears black in MRI
21
what are the disadvantages to MRI?
motion artifact takes a while to get scan metal devices=dangerous small scanner, long time in it expensive
21
what does the frontal lobe do?
Higher mental processes (thinking, decision making, and planning)
22
what is ultrasound?
uses sound waves to create images within the body (no ionizing radiation)
23
what are the cons of ultrasound?
limited penetration lower resolution
24
What does the parietal lobe do?
Processes sensory information
25
what does the occipital lobe do?
visual informaiton
26
the posterior or dorsal root carries ____ information
sensory (has the ganglions, this is a good way to differentiate)
26
What is the somatic sensory or afferent system?
transmits sensation of touch, pain, temp, position from sensory receptors to spinal cord
26
what makes up the brain stem?
midbrain, pons, medulla (below medulla it is called spinal cord)
26
the spinal cord is _____ the spinal nerves are ____
CNS PNS
27
what does the temporal lobe do?
auditory information
28
What are the layers of meninges from superficial to deep?
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
28
What is the somatic NS?
provides sensory and motor innervation to the body parts we have voluntary control over (somatic parts of CNS and PNS)
29
what is a nerve soma?
another word for cell body
29
The anterior or ventral root carries _____ information
motor (motors go VMVM)
30
the afferent system transmits information to the spinal cord through what?
dorsal root
31
the autonomic nervous system is ____
efferent NS
32
The efferent system is only in_____ and impulses go through _____
skeletal muscle exit through ventral root
33
Briefly describe the synapsing of symp ANS?
starts in thoracolumbar region, motor impulse goes out the ventral root to the sympathetic chain where its post synaptic cell is
33
Motor fibers from the ANS stimulate ______
* Smooth (involuntary) muscle * Modified cardiac muscle * Glandular (secretory) cells
34
what is the main function of the parasympathetic NS?
maintain homeostasis (rest/digest)
34
What is the sympathetic NS primary function?
blood vessel regulation (fight or flight)
34
Where are the pre and post synaptic neuronss?
* Presynaptic – cell body in CNS * Postsynaptic – cell body outside CNS
34
In the autonomic NS the pre and post synaptic neurons?
– Presynaptic: » Cell bodies in gray matter of spinal cord – Postsynaptic: » Cell bodies in sympathetic chain ganglia
35
What is the origin of the autonomic system?
thoracolumbar region
36
what is the origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?
craniosacral
36
What cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
III, VII, IX, X
37
The top of the brain is the _____
dorsal (ventral is bottom)
37
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within which ventricles?
lateral, 3rd, 4th
37
where are the pre/post synaptic neurons of parasympathetic?
– Presynaptic: » Cell bodies in brainstem or sacral spinal cord – Postsynaptic: » Cell bodies located at effector organ
38
what does the brainstem do ?
regulates cardiac and respiratory function
39
What does cerebellum do?
balance coordinated movement
40
What is the difference between a gyrus, sulcus and fissure on the brain?
gyrus: folds sulcus: grooves fissures: grooves
41
What is the basal nuclei?
subcortical grey matter, important for motor control
42
What does the posterior column pathway sense?
vibration, proprioception, fine touch
42
the post central gyrus is home to _____
primary somatosensory cortex (different parts are in charge of different parts of body)
42
what are the parts of the basal nuclei? (AKA basal ganglia)
caudate putamen globulus pallidus
43
The precentral gyrus is home to ______
primary motor cortex
44
what does the anterolateral or spinothalamic pathway sense?
pain, temp, itch
45
What does the first order neuron do?
* Sensory neuron that delivers sensation to CNS * Cell body: Dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve * Synapses with second order neuron
46
what does the third order neuron do?
* Axon reaches appropriate sensory area of cerebral cortex * Cell body: Thalamus (deep brain) * Destination: postcentral gyrus
46
What does second order neuron do?
* Interneuron that decussates and ascends within column * Cell body: within spinal gray matter or brain stem * Synapses with third order
47
what does the lateral motor system control?
movement of the extremities
48
where does the descending tracts go?
cerebral cortex to muscle fiber (upper and lower motor neurons)
48
what does the corticospinal pathway control?
voluntary control over skeletal muscle
49
in the corticospinal pathway where is the upper motor neuron?
central cortex
50
in the corticospinal pathway where is the lower motor neuron?
anterior grey horn of spinal cord
50
where is the decussation of the corticospinal pathway?
pyramids of medulla

Anatomical Science Exam 3 (12 decks)

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