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Intro to Biotech > Intro to Biotech (Lec 1) > Flashcards

Intro to Biotech (Lec 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is biotechnology

A

the use of tech to improve or manipulate living organisms and/or their processes for the benefit of mankind

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2
Q

Biotech is ______ industry

A

global

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3
Q

Biotech is a science of _________

A

integration

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4
Q

bioprocessing

A

use of living cells to manufacture a product

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5
Q

bioinformatics

A

use of computer tech to manage biological info

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6
Q

classical biotech

A

selecting or breeding plants and animals for desirable traits (ancient: domestication of plants and animals for food and other human needs)

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7
Q

how and what does classical biotech make?

A

organisms are used in a controlled environment to make products such as cheese, bread, yogurt, and alcohol

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8
Q

modern or recombinant biotech

A

involves genetic engineering – often transfers genes from one genus to another and enables the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

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9
Q

what does recombinant biotechnology do?

A

combines gene fragments from different sources

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10
Q

examples of modern/recombinant biotech?

A

recombinant RNA, cell fusion, and stem cells

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11
Q

what are the types/classifications of biotech based on the organism(s) used to make a product?

A

microbial biotech, animal biotech, plant biotech

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12
Q

what are the types/classifications of biotech based on the use of the product/technology?

A

forensic biotech, agricultural biotech, medical biotech, industrial biotech, environmental (energy) biotech

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13
Q

biotech from 1000 BC through 2000 BC

A

fermentation to make spirits of wine (ethanol), vinegar, soy sauce, yogurt, etc.

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14
Q

Michiaki Takahashi (1974)

A

smallpox – living microorganisms used for vaccinations

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15
Q

Robert Hooke

A

described (structure of) cells

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16
Q

Pasteur

A

described lactic acid fermentation by bacteria

17
Q

Buchner

A

detected fermentation of enzymes in yeast

18
Q

Charles Darwin

A

(1809-1882): published “Origin of Species” –> principles behind evolutionary theory

19
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

(1822-1884): classical genetics -> “Founder of genetics” -> worked with pea plants to discover laws of inheritance

20
Q

antibiotic

A

a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms

21
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

1928 -> discovered the antibiotic, penicillin (produced by the fungus Penicillium) -> eventually led to production of antibiotics

22
Q

Oswald Avery

A

1940 –> isolated pure DNA

23
Q

Hershey & Chase

A

1952 –> proved DNA (not protein or RNA) is the hereditary material

24
Q

Watson & Crick

A

1953: discovered the double helix structure of DNA

25
Q

Arthur Kornberg

A

1956: crystallized (X-ray crystallography) DNA polymerase (enzyme involved in replication)

26
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

1970: first plant breeder to win Nobel prize (Father of Green Revolution)

27
Q

plasmid

A

a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA
- can replicate independently
- most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms

28
Q

Stanley Cohen

A

1968: isolated bacterial plasmids –> showed how bacteria that did not have plasmid were able to take it up and could then express the antibiotic resistance gene from the plasmid and become resistant themselves

29
Q

Herb Boyer

A

1970: discovered the DNA restriction enzyme (EcoR1 -> from E.coli)

30
Q

restriction enzyme

A

an enzyme that can cut DNA; molecular scissors (paper = plasmids, glue = DNA ligase)

31
Q

Paul Berg

A

1972: recombinant DNA formed by joining E. coli and SV40 (virus) DNA (with DNA ligase)

32
Q

Cohen, Boyer, and Berg

A

1973: cloned frog DNA in E. coli

33
Q

what was the beginning of modern biotech?

A

when Cohen, Boyer, and Berg cloned frog DNA in E. coli in 1973

34
Q

what was the first biotechnology company? when was it formed?

A

Genentech Inc. –> formed in 1976

35
Q

what was the first recombinant drug approved by the FDA?

A

human insulin –> produced in E. coli “Humulin” by Genentech in 1978

36
Q

Kary Mullis

A

1986: developed new technique for amplification of DNA called PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction

37
Q

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A

technique used to exponentially amplify a specific target DNA sequence, allowing for the isolation, sequencing, or cloning of a single sequence among many; like DNA replication in cell just automated process in machine

38
Q

Human Genome Project (HGP) completed in ____ by ______

A

2003 by Craig Venter, Francis Collins, et al.

Intro to Biotech (10 decks)

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