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Intro to Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function

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3
Q

structure determines

A

function

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4
Q

gross anatomy

A

study of large structures(dissection)

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5
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

using a microscope to view structures such as cells(cytology)or tissue(histology)

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6
Q

pathology

A

study of abnormal changes in structure and function brought about by disease, cancer or trauma

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7
Q

organization of multicellular organism

A

atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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8
Q

atoms

A

make up the very basic components

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9
Q

molecules

A

building blocks for cell structure

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10
Q

organelles

A

functional cell structures

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11
Q

cell

A

the basic unit of life

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12
Q

squamous

A

function of covering surfaces; squashed

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13
Q

cuboidal

A

usually functions in secretion; cube-shaped

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14
Q

columnar

A

usually functions in absorption; columns

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15
Q

tissue

A

group of cells having the same structure work together to perform specific functions

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16
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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17
Q

organ

A

2 or more tissues work together to perform specific functions for the body

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18
Q

organ system

A

AKA body system; when organs work together to perform specific functions; named by lead organs

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19
Q

organism

A

when all body systems work together to perform functions, keeping it alive and healthy

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20
Q

feedback loops

A

afferent>control center> efferent

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21
Q

afferent pathway

A

brings input to the control center; “tattletale”

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22
Q

control center

A

interprets this info and makes a choice about it; sometimes called “integration”

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23
Q

efferent pathway

A

carries out the choice of the control center as “output”

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24
Q

5 steps of feedback loops

A

stimulus-receptor-input-output-response

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25
negative feedback
when the control center stops sending its choice as it was notified the efferent pathway has carried it out
26
the afferent pathway will…
tattletale if this(feedback loop) takes place or not
27
positive feedback
rare and can be harmful
28
examples of positive feedback
childbirth(oxytocin) and blood clotting
29
survival needs
feedback loops, irritability, excretion, reproduction, growth, development, digestion, metabolism, nutrients,
30
irritability
cells or organism must be able to respond to stimuli in their environment in order to survive
31
excretion
Lungs rid body if CO2 Kidneys rid body of urea Skin rids body of excess heat, water, salts
32
reproduction
cells must be replaced as they wear out and organisms must be able to continue their species
33
2 types of reproduction
mitosis & meiosis
34
mitosis
replace cells 2n>>2n; one cell makes 2
35
meiosis
sexual reproduction 2n>>1N; one cell makes 4
36
growth
to increase number of cells
37
development
organism changes; puberty
38
digestion
break down food into molecules
39
metabolism
the rate that cells use molecules to repair, make products, reproduce themselves, make energy, etc.
40
2 areas of metabolism
respiration & biosynthesis
41
respiration
breaking down molecules to produce energy for cell functions
42
respiration equation
Glucose + H2O + O2 = Energy + H2O + CO2
43
energy percentage breakdown
40% of that energy is ATP and 60% is heat
44
biosynthesis
cells use molecules to make products: hairs, oils, proteins, hormones, etc.
45
6 nutrients
oxygen, water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins & minerals
46
oxygen
without O2, cells(especially nerve cells) will begin to fail
47
water
just about every activity in and around a cell requires H2O, adequate hydration increases mental alertness and even the immune system’s fighting ability
48
carbohydrates
main source of energy for the body; gets broken down into glucose(known as blood sugar)
49
protein
primary source of building the body from cell membranes to connective tissue
50
functions of proteins
repair worn out parts, build up areas that are working hard or receiving more stress, can be used as fuel(especially in muscles), keep insulin level more balanced
51
lipids
have the most energy of all molecules, but they are very hard to break down
52
what are lipids important for
insulation under skin and around organs(padding as well as temperature); oil, wax, and other lubricating substances have a nice fat base to them
53
vitamins & minerals
give cells the “glue” to build proteins and “oil” to runs its functions; also kick off cell functions by acting as co-enzymes
54
homeostasis is maintain by
having all 9 factors in place and occurring on a regular basis
55
superior(cranial)
toward head
56
inferior(caudal)
away from head
57
proximal
closer to origin of body part
58
distal
farther from origin of body part
59
ventral(anterior)
in front of
60
dorsal(posterior)
behind
61
superficial(external)
toward body surface
62
deep(internal)
away from body surface
63
medial
toward midline
64
lateral
away from midline
65
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
66
saggital plane
divides the body into a right and left part
67
midsaggital plane
right down the middle
68
transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior sections
69
why serous membranes
organs(heart,lungs, stomach) have movement within a cavity of the body that causes rhythmic movement that could cause friction and inflammation to other surrounding tissues as well as the organ itself
70
serous membranes
reduce friction for internal organs that have rhythmic movement
71
visceral layer
always next to or covers the outside of the organ; layer is usually made of thin(simple) epithelial tissue
72
visceral means
organ
73
parietal layer
is always outside of the sac; made up of tough connective tissue that provides support
74
serous fluid
fills the space between the 2 layers and provides lubrication
75
3 main areas that cause the loss of homeostasis
aging, disease, trauma
76
aging
as the years build up, the replacement of worn out or damaged cells slows down and tissues begin to lose their standard function
77
disease
genetics plays a big role in who gets a lot of diseases
78
trauma
number 1 homeostatic killer; injury to the body can not only cause structural damage and loss of function at the time of injury, but can also alter the tissue for long-term use

Med Careers (7 decks)

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