Intro to cell biology

Question 1

What is an ion?

Answer 1

an atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained one or more electrons

Question 2

Are ions charged?

Answer 2

ions either have a positive or negative charge

Question 3

Define physiology

Answer 3

the normal functions and phenomena of living organisms

Question 4

What do physiologists view organisms as?

Answer 4

machines

Question 5

How many cells, approximately, is the human body composed of?

Answer 5

30 billion

Question 6

What is fluid inside cells known as?

Answer 6

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 7

What is fluid outside cells known as?

Answer 7

Extra cellular fluid (ECF)

Question 8

What are the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid seperated by?

Answer 8

the plasma membrane

Question 9

What are the 6 properties of living cells?

Answer 9

assimilate materials from the internal environment that surrounds them
excrete waste products into the internal environment
grow
reproduce
respond to changes in their surroundings internal environments or the environment external to the body
exhibit motility

Question 10

What is the ‘internal environment’ with regards to a cell?

Answer 10

the environment that is internal to the body but external of the cell

Question 11

What percentage of the human body is water?

Answer 11

60%

Question 12

What can extracellular fluid also be referred to as?

Answer 12

the internal environment

Question 13

What two subcategories can extracellular fluid be split into?

Answer 13

intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid

Question 14

what is interstitial fluid?

Answer 14

fluid that surrounds and bathes cells

Question 15

What is intravascular fluid also known as?

Answer 15

plasma

Question 16

What does mmol/L stand for?

Answer 16

millimoles per litre

Question 17

What are the three main ions used in the body?

Answer 17

Sodium, calcium, potassium

Question 18

What is the concentration of sodium ions in the ICF and ECF?

Answer 18

10 mmol/L and 140 mmol/L

Question 19

What is the concentration of potassium ions in the ICF and ECF?

Answer 19

120 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L

Question 20

What is the concentration of calcium ions in the ICF and ECF?

Answer 20

0.0001 mmol/L and 1.25 mmol/L

Question 21

What does a difference in concentration of sodium and calcium ions cause in the cell?

Answer 21

Influx of ions into the cell down an electrochemical gradient

Question 22

what does a difference in concentration of potassium cause in the cell?

Answer 22

an efflux of potassium ions out of the ICF to the ECF

Question 23

Why is movement of ions down electrochemical gradients so important?

Answer 23

vital to many processes in the human body

Question 24

what does the movement of sodium and potassium ions affect?

Answer 24

nerve impulses and action potential

Question 25

What does the movement of calcium into ICF cause?

Answer 25

contraction of cardiac and skeletal muscles

Question 26

what can the internal environment also be known as?

Answer 26

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 27

What condition must be met for humans to survive in such a variety of different areas?

Answer 27

provided their internal environment remains the same

Question 28

Give 5 important properties of the internal environment (ECF)

Answer 28

temperature, pH, osmolarity, oxygen level, glucose concentration

Question 29

How are the properties of the internal environment regulated?

Answer 29

by homeostatic mechanisms

Question 30

What does homeostasis mean?

Answer 30

staying the same or simular

Question 31

What sort of feedback does a homeostatic mechanism use?

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

What happens during negative feedback in a homeostatic mechanism?

Answer 32

receptors or sensors monitor the variable (eg body temp), this information is sent to the processor (integrating centre) and compared against a set point or target. If there is a significant difference between the set point and the measured variable (eg person is too hot) effector mechanisms attempt to restore controlled variable to set point.

Question 33

What is a change in core body temperature detected by?

Answer 33

central thermoreceptors

Question 34

Where are thermoreceptors located?

Answer 34

in the hypothalamus

Question 35

What effector mechanisms can be used to cool core body temp?

Answer 35

sweating and cutaneous vasodilation

Question 36

What effect should the cooling effector mechanisms have?

Answer 36

cooling body temperature to set point

Question 37

What effector mechanisms can be used to raise body temperature?

Answer 37

shivering, cutaneous vasoconstriction and piloerection (goosebumps)

Question 38

What do baroreceptors do?

Answer 38

monitor pressure

Question 39

Where are baroreceptors used to monitor blood pressure located?

Answer 39

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 40

What is the set point for mean arterial blood pressure?

Answer 40

~93 mmHg

Question 41

What effector mechanisms are used to alter blood pressure if it is outside the set point?

Answer 41

Adjustments to the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute (cardiac output) and the resistance of the peripheral circulation (total peripheral resistance)

Question 42

What receptors monitor partial pressure of CO2 in the bloodstream?

Answer 42

chemoreceptors

Question 43

where are chemoreceptors located?

Answer 43

Brainstem

Question 44

What is the set point for partial pressure of CO2 in the blood stream?

Answer 44

38-42 mmHg

Question 45

What is the set point for core body temperature in humans?

Answer 45

37.7 celcius

Question 46

Where are ribosomes located in the cell?

Answer 46

On the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 47

What are ribosomes formed of?

Answer 47

RNA and protein

Question 48

What are ribosomes involved with?

Answer 48

Protein synthesis

Question 49

What structure is endoplasmic reticulum joined to?

Answer 49

Nuclear envelope

Question 50

What are the 2 forms of endoplasmic reticulum and what are their functions?

Answer 50

Rough: proteins are synthesised and modified. Smooth: lipid biosynthesis and drug betoxification

Question 51

How is the nucleus joined to endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 51

Nuclear envelope

Question 52

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 52

DNA

Question 53

What happens in the nucleolus?

Answer 53

Site of most RNA synthesis

Question 54

What are the 4 types of protein found on the plasma membrane?

Answer 54

Transporter, anchors, receptors, enzymes

Question 55

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 55

Sorts proteins and ensures they are delivered to the right place

Question 56

What are perioxisomes and lysosomes involved in?

Answer 56

Perioxisomes: oxidative enzymes, lysosomes: hydrolytic enzymes for degradation of protein

Question 57

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 57

Fuel oxidation, O2 consumption, ATP generation

Question 58

What type of filament is involved in cell movement?

Answer 58

Actin

Question 59

What matrix helps cells to move forwards?

Answer 59

Extra cellular

Question 60

What structures help with the direction of cell travel?

Answer 60

Microtubules

Question 61

What are the only cells in the skin that are able to continuously divide?

Answer 61

Basal cells

Question 62

What layer of the cells do the basal cells remain in?

Answer 62

Basal layer