Solute Transport

Question 1

How are the phospholipids arranged in the phospholipid bilayer of cells?

Answer 1

with hydrophopic heads facing out of the membrane on both sides

Question 2

What 2 types of proteins are found in the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 2

extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 3

What do intrinsic proteins act as?

Answer 3

pumps and ion channels

Question 4

What is membrane fluidity regulated by?

Answer 4

cholesterol

Question 5

What is the function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 5

identify the cell as part of the body rather than something foreign

Question 6

By what process do substances move down a concentration gradient?

Answer 6

diffusion

Question 7

What energy does diffusion use?

Answer 7

the kinetic energy of the solute particles

Question 8

What type of gradient do charged particles move down?

Answer 8

electrochemical gradient

Question 9

What are the two types of diffusion?

Answer 9

simple and facilitated

Question 10

What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

Answer 10

simple uses no transport protein and facilitated requires a transport protein

Question 11

What law does the rate of diffusion depend on?

Answer 11

Ficks law

Question 12

What energy source does active transport use?

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

What gradient is solute often moved against during active transport?

Answer 13

concentration or electrochemical

Question 14

What are the two types of active transport?

Answer 14

primary and secondary

Question 15

What does primary active transport involve?

Answer 15

transport directly using ATP

Question 16

what does secondary transport involve?

Answer 16

transport indirectly using ATP

Question 17

What are the two ways solutes can be transported during secondary transport?

Answer 17

counter transport and co transport

Question 18

What is involved in counter transport?

Answer 18

2 solutes are pumped across the membrane in opposite directions

Question 19

What is involved in co transport?

Answer 19

2 solutes pumped across the membrane in the same direction

Question 20

How can diffusion rates be increased?

Answer 20

increase in temprature, larger area for diffusion, larger concentration gradient, smaller thickness of gradient

Question 21

Over what distances does diffusion occur rapidly?

Answer 21

microscopic

Question 22

How many millimetres are there in a micron?

Answer 22

1000 mm

Question 23

how quickly will diffusion occur over 1 micron?

Answer 23

0.0005 seconds

Question 24

How quickly does diffusion occur over 1000 micron (1mm)?

Answer 24

498 seconds

Question 25

What effect has the length of time for diffusion had on the evolution of mammalian bodies?

Answer 25

evolved bulk transport systems

Question 26

What does facilitated diffusion require?

Answer 26

a transporter protein

Question 27

What energy does facilitated diffusion use?

Answer 27

kinetic energy of solute particles

Question 28

Why does the rate of facilitated diffusion tail off?

Answer 28

encounter rate limiting factor, transporter protiens are all in use so diffusion cannot happen any faster

Question 29

What is the flattening of the facilitated diffusion rate known as?

Answer 29

saturation kenetics

Question 30

What sort of proteins are ion channels?

Answer 30

intrinsic

Question 31

What are the 3 states that ion channels can be in?

Answer 31

open, closed or inactivated

Question 32

What is the inactivation of certain ion channels known as?

Answer 32

gating

Question 33

What is the difference between specific and non specific ion channels?

Answer 33

non specific will allow any ions through whereas the specific is more selective

Question 34

What does active transport require?

Answer 34

ATP

Question 35

What is the energy from ATP used to do?

Answer 35

move solutes against the concentration gradient by phosphorylation and altering the shape of the protein

Question 36

What sort of protien channels does active transport use?

Answer 36

intrinsic proteins

Question 37

What can the process of active transport be stopped by?

Answer 37

metabolic poisons e.g. cyanide

Question 38

During active transport how many sodium ions are pumped out and how many potassium ions pumped in?

Answer 38

3 Na out and 2 K in

Question 39

What is the benefit of having ions stored against the concentration gradient as happens as a result of active transport?

Answer 39

they are a potential source of energy

Question 40

What happens during secondary active transport?

Answer 40

solute moves down an electrochemical gradient, previously put there by primary active transport therefore releasing the potential energy

Question 41

How is cotransport used during secondary active transport?

Answer 41

molecule is moved through the channel at the same time as the solute moves back down the potential gradient

Question 42

How is counter transport used during secondary active transport?

Answer 42

two solutes move in opposite directions but use primary active transport to gain energy for the movement

Question 43

How does secondary active transport use ATP?

Answer 43

indirectly sourced from primary active transport