Intro to Clinical Sciences - Immunology Flashcards
what is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity.
innate - instinctive, non-specific, does not depend on lymphocytes, present from birth. 1st line of defence. provides barrier to antigen. no memory. slow response. comprised of physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages), blood proteins (complement, acute phase).
adaptive - response to specific antigen, acquired, requires lymphocytes and antibodies. memory to specific antigen. quicker response.
name all of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil.
name all of the mononuclear leukocytes and what they can differentiate into.
monocytes - can go into macrophages
t-cells - can go into T-regs, T-helper (CD4, Th1 & Th2), cytotoxic (CD8), Th17.
B-cells - can go into plasma cells.
what are the soluble factors of the immune system.
complement, antibodies, cytokines, chemokines.
what is complement, where are they secreted from and what are there modes of action.
it is a group of 20 serum proteins, secreted by the liver and they have 3 modes of action. direct lysis, attract more leukocytes to the site of an infection, coat invading organism.
what are antibodies, what cell surface do they sit on. name the 5 classes.
they bind to specific antigens. they sit on B cells.
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
What are cytokines. Name 5 different types of cytokines and what they do?
cytokines are proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells.
interferons (INF) - induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells.
interleukins (IL) - produced by many cells and there is over 30 types. can be pro-inflammatory or anti inflammatory. can cause cells to divide, to differentiated to secrete factors.
colony stimulating factors - involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells - precursors to leukocytes.
tumour necrosis factors - mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reactions.
chemokine - leukocyte chemoattractants.
what are IgG antibodies and what is their function
main class in serum and tissue. is regular Y shape with two cross bridge.
is important in secondary/memory responses. crosses placenta. it also neutralises by specific binding and activates complement, enhances phagocytosis by binding to phagocytes and enhances natural kiler cells by binding to them as well.
what are IgM antibodies and what is there function
loads of Y shapes around a pentagon looking shape.
is important in primary response. it immobilises things such as motile microbes. it also activates complement.
what are IgA antibodies and what is there function
Two Ys laying down connected to each other.
they are in serum and secretions and protect mucosal surfaces. also can cause a secondary response. they neutralise things such as toxins. they also bind to phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis.
what are IgD antibodies and what is there function
regular Y but with one cross bridge
unknown function
what are IgE antibodies and what is there function
they are a regular Y shape with one cross bridge but with 3 blocks in tail unlike in IgG and IgD.
present at very low levels, involved in allergy, response to parasitic infections. can be involved in a secondary response. they can also bind to mast cells and this causes a release of inflammatory mediators.
where do all immune cells originate from ? where do T cells mature
all immune cells originate in the bone marrow and T cells then mature in the thymus
what happens to monocytes when they move from blood into tissue
they become macrophages.
what can happen in the lymph nodes with regard to B and T cells.
they can accumulate and cause enlargement.
