Intro to Clinical Sciences - Patholgy Flashcards
Name the cells involved in inflammation?
neutrophil polymorphs, macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts.
What is a neutrophil polymorph?
They are short lived cells which are first on the scene of acute inflammation. they are cytoplasmic granules full of enzymes which kill bacteria. they usually die at the scene of inflammation. they also release chemicals which attract other inflammatory cells such as macrophages.
what is resolution and repair?
resolution = initiating factor removed. the tissue is undamaged or it is able to regenerate.
repair = initiating factor is still present. the tissue is damaged and unable to regenerate.
Name a cell that regenerates well but if too much damage occurs what will happen and explain what this is.
hepatocytes regenerate well. however, when damage is continuous it leads to fibrosis which will eventually become cirrhosis.
Name three different types of skin wounds and explain how they heal.
abrasion
skin wound by first intention
skin wound by second intention.
name two cells types which do not regenerate.
myocardial cells, neurones.
name three potential causes of thrombosis.
change in vessel wall, change in blood flow, change in blood constitutes.
virchow triad.
if there is damage to an endothelial wall, how will a thrombus form.
if there is any damage to the endothelial wall, collagen will be exposed. platelets then stick to the walls of the vessel. this results in platelet aggregation and the coaglutination cascade. the fibrin mesh is also produced resulting in thrombus which blocks a vessel.
drug to prevent thrombosis?
low dose aspirin.
what is an embolus?
it is a mass of material that can block a vessel such as thrombus which breaks off and causes a blockage .
what is ischaemia and infarction.
ischaemia = reduction in blood flow.
infarction = a reduction in blood flow leading to a cell death. especially common is organs with a single artery supply. organs such as lung, liver and brain are less dangerous as they have double artery supply.
what is atherosclerosis? what system does it occur In?what is plaque made up of? what are the risk factors for developing the condition?
atherosclerosis is plaque that can build up and block vessels. it does not occur in low pressure systems. plaque is made up of lipid (cholesterol), fibrous tissue, lymphocytes.
the risk factors for developing this condittion is cigarettes smoking, hypertension, poorly controlled diabetes, hyperlipidaemia.
explain endothelial damage theory and how certain risk factors cause it.
free radicals in nicotine/carbon monoxide cause direct damage.
diabetes causes superoxide anions which cause damage.
hyperlipidaemia does direct damage.
the damage to the endothelial cells causes the exposure of collagen. platelets then stick to this collage leading to platelet aggregation and the coaglutination cascade which causes a thrombus to form.
treatment for atherosclerosis?
low dose aspirin
what is apoptosis? name the cause of it. what protein detects abnormality and what protein carries out apoptosis? what condition happens as a result of apoptosis?
apoptosis = programmed cell death.
commonly as a result of DNA damage.
one protein that checks for cell damage is p53. enzyme that carries out apoptosis is capases. lack of apoptosis results in cancer. Too much apoptosis happens in conditions such as HIV.
what is necrosis?
traumatic cell death.
Here are some chemaical carcinogens. what cancers do they cause and are there any comments about them?
polyclyclic aromatic hydrocarbonds
aromatic amines
nitrosamines
alkylating agents.
