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PBL PY2 Fall > Intro to Contraception & Barrier Methods > Flashcards

Intro to Contraception & Barrier Methods Flashcards

1
Q

t/f we are the least pregnant generation yet

A

true

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2
Q

what is the average age of first birth?

A

30 years

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3
Q

unplanned pregnancies occur most often in people aged ____ to ___

A

20 - 29

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4
Q

nearly 1 in __ people have at least 1 abortion in their lives

A

3

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5
Q

structure of the ovaries

A

oval structures, approximately 2 inches, attached ti uterus but not to fallopian tubes

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6
Q

at birth, the ovaries contain thousands of eggs, all contained in a ____

A

follicle

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7
Q

once all eggs have been released, a woman reaches ___

A

menopause

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8
Q

structure of the cervix

A

connection between vagina and uterus

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9
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

secretes mucous that typically impedes sperm, but becomes slippery during ovulation

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10
Q

structure of vagina

A

tube shaped canal that is typically 4-6 inches long, contains a mucousal layer and msucles that help dilate and constrict

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11
Q

structure of fallopian tubes

A

4-5 inches long connected to uterus w/ frimnriae near the ovaries to catch ovum

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12
Q

structure of the uterus

A

pear-shaped, 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, made of firm muscles of myometrium and vascular endometrial lining

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13
Q

Each month, based on ____changes, one follicle increases in size and is released through ovulation

A

hormonal

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14
Q

where does sperm typically meet the ovum?

A

in the fallopian tube

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15
Q

what is the corpus luteum?

A

the ruptured follicle

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16
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

it disintegrates

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17
Q

what are the 2 gonadatropins?

A

LH and FSH

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18
Q

FSH and LH are released by the ____

A

pituitary gland

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19
Q

when estrogen levels rise in the ____ phase, it stimulates that hypothalamus, causing the making and release of _____

A

follicular; progesterone

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20
Q

progesterone released by the hypothalamus triggers a ____ surge shortly before day 14

A

LH

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21
Q

progesterone levels throughout the cycle cause a negative feedback on the hypothalamus & pituitary so that ____ and ___ are not released

A

FSH and LH

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22
Q

progesterone levels are low in the ___ phase, but rise in the ___ phase, which turns off FSH and LH

A

follicular; luteal

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23
Q

why does the loss of the corpus luteum (the old ovum follicle) cause menstruation?

A

it is not around to secrete estrogen and progesterone, so the endometrium cannot be maintained and is lost through the vagina

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24
Q

how does the cycle start up again with menstruation?

A

teh estrogen and progesterone levels are so low that there is no longer negative feedback on the hypothalamus & pituitary

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25
Q

days 7-11 of the cycle are known as the ___ phases

A

follicular

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26
Q

during the follicular phase, the estrogen/progesterone levels are so low that the hypothalamus can re-release ____

A

GnRH

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27
Q

release of GnRH from the hypothalamus causes release of ___ and ___ from the pituitary

A

LH and FSH

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28
Q

what is the role of FSH?

A

promotes the growth of teh follicle, which secretes estrogen

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29
Q

what are the 2 main actions of the estrogen that is released by the follicle?

A
  1. negative feedback on the pituitary so no more follicles are stimulated
  2. proliferation of the endometrial lining to prepare for implantation
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30
Q

leading up to ovulation, there is enough estrogen to change from a ____ to ____ feedback on the anterior pituitary leading to LH and small FSH surge

A

negative to positive

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31
Q

what is the role of LH (lutenizing hormone)?

A

causes the primary follicle to rupture and release the egg

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32
Q

Days 15-28 are known as the ___ phase

A

luteal

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33
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?

A

primary follicle turns into the corpus luteum and secretes high levels or progesterone and lower levels of estrogen

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34
Q

what is the role of progesterone in the luteal phase?

A

increases the vascularity and glands of the endometrium to prepare for implantation

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35
Q

the ____ phase is where the endometrial lining is building up

A

luteal

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36
Q

definition of age of viability

A

age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the womb with medical care; brain is able to regulate basic functions

37
Q

when is the age of viability?

A

about 22 weeks

38
Q

definition of contraception

A

the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by any of various drugs, techniques, or devices AKA birth control

39
Q

what are 4 natural methods of contraception?

A
  1. fertility awareness-based methods
  2. withdrawal
  3. lactational amenorrhea method
  4. abstinence
40
Q

definition of expected (theoretical) contraception effectiveness/failure

A

how effective a method should be during the first year if used consistently and correctly (not very accurate, negates a lot of factors)

41
Q

definition of reported effectiveness/failure for contraception

A

how effective a method is during the 1st year of use (not necessarily consistently and correctly (still misleading, but slightly more accurate than expected rate)

42
Q

definition of lowest expected failure rate

A

percentage of women who have an unplanned pregnancy in the 1st year of using a method consistently and correctly

43
Q

definition of typical failure rate

A

percentage of women who have an unplanned pregnancy in the 1st year of use (not necessarily consistently or correctly)

44
Q

what is the pearl index?

A

a crude technique of measuring contraceptive effectiveness

45
Q

the Pearl index represents the number of ___ per ____

A

unintended pregnancies per 100 women years of exposure

46
Q

when calculating the Pearl index, if exposure in months is the denominator, the multiplier is _____

A

1200

47
Q

when calculating the Pearl index, if the denominator is cycles, the multiplier is ___

A

1300

48
Q

is a lower or higher Pearl index represent a more effective method

A

lower

49
Q

score of 1 for contraindication to contraception means

A

no contraindication

50
Q

score of 2 for contraception contraindication means

A

benefit generally outweighs the risk

51
Q

score of 3 for contraception contraindication means

A

risk typically outweighs the benefits

52
Q

score of 4 for contraception contraindication

A

contraindicated

53
Q

internal condoms are made of what material?

A

Fc2 (nitrile, non-latex polymer)

54
Q

internal condoms used to be made of FC1 (polyurethane), why are they made of Fc2 now?

A

lower cost

55
Q

t/f new Fc2 internal condoms maintain the same level of protection from pregnancy and STI as Fc1

A

t

56
Q

t/f internal condoms are non-allergic

A

t

57
Q

what type of lube can be used with Fc2 internal condoms?

A

oil, water, and silicone lubricants can be used

58
Q

what is a silicone-based lubricant?

A

synthetic substance that is water resistant with few allergic reactions

59
Q

what type of lubricants is put on the internal condoms by their manufacturer?

A

silicone-based

60
Q

does Fc2 have spermicide?

A

no

61
Q

what is the expected failure rate of internal condoms?

A

3-5%

62
Q

what is the expected failure rate of internal condom?

A

18-21%

63
Q

internal condoms can be inserted up to __ hours before intercourse

A

8 hrs

64
Q

when is it recommended to remove an internal condom?

A

after sex, before standing up (want to avoid leakage)

65
Q

can internal condoms protect against STI and HIV?

A

should prevent these infections if used consistently and correctly, but there is no good data to support this

66
Q

how much does a 3 pack of internal Fc2 condoms cost?

A

$15

67
Q

Advantages of internal condom

A
  1. STI & HIV protection
  2. relatively easy to use
  3. no Rx required
  4. less likely than external condom to rupture
  5. Does not contain latex
  6. Can be used with all types of lubricants and other vaginal products
68
Q

disadvantages of internal condoms

A
  1. may not be aesthetically pleasing
  2. some find it hard to use
  3. cant be used with male condom
69
Q

what is the expected failure rate of external condoms?

A

2%

70
Q

what is the reported failure of external condoms?

A

12-18%

71
Q

what type of condom is most likely to break?

A

polyurethan (compared to latex and polyisoprene)

72
Q

indication for external condoms

A

prevention of pregnancy, STI and cervical dysplasia

73
Q

what is the “gold standard” form of external condom?

A

latex

74
Q

what are the disadvantages of lamb cecum condoms?

A
  1. not as elastic as latex
  2. Has pores that dost allow passage of sperm, but do allow passage of STI
  3. more expensive than latex
75
Q

polyurethane is a type of _____

A

plastic

76
Q

what are 2 benefits of polyurethane condoms compared latex?

A
  1. stronger (stiffer though, which makes them more prone

2. thinner (greater sensation)

77
Q

out of polyurethane or polyisoprene, which is softer, more form fitting, thicker, stretchier, and more resistant to breakage

A

polyisoprene

78
Q

allergies to what 3 things can be an issue with external condoms?

A

lanolin, wool (lamb cecum), or latex

79
Q

the use of spermicide on external condoms may increase risk of ___ in the partner (if the partner has a vagina). Why?

A

UTI, bc it messes with the flora of the vagina

80
Q

t/f lube with spermicide offers no additional benefit

A

t

81
Q

what STIs are latex condoms safe against?

A

those associated with discharge (chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis)

82
Q

what STIs are condoms less effective against?

A

HPV and Hep B as these are transmitted by skin to skin contact

83
Q

t/f polyurethane condoms are not as well studied for STIs

A

t

84
Q

what is the effect of oil-based lube and vaginal medications on latex and polyisoprene condoms?

A

decreases the integrity (dont combine)

85
Q

what is the effect of oil/water based lubes on polyurethane condoms?

A

no decrease in integrity

86
Q

it is best to recommend what types of lubricants?

A

water-based (no risk of integrity issues regardless of condom chosen)

87
Q

why is it not safe to have sex if the penis cant maintain an erection during condom use?

A

more likely to have semen leak out of the condom

88
Q

what are some advantages of external condoms?

A
  1. easiliy accessible
  2. easy to use
  3. cheap
  4. STI & HIV protection
  5. no systemic effects
  6. erection enhancement
89
Q

what are some disadvantages of external condoms?

A
  1. potential slippage/breakage
  2. must withdrawal before erection is lost
  3. “interruption of lovemaking”
  4. may interfere with sensation and result in loss of erection

PBL PY2 Fall (21 decks)

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