Intro to CV anatomy

Question 1

What is major artery of upper limb?

Answer 1

Subclavian

Question 2

What is major vein of head and neck?

Answer 2

Internal jugular vein

Question 3

What is the surface anatomy of the apex of the heart?

Answer 3

5th intercostal space

Question 4

What are the layers around the heart?

Answer 4

1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Parietal pericardium
3. Visceral pericardium
4. Epicardium
5. Myocardium
6. Endocardium

Question 5

What is the transverse sinus?

Answer 5

The space between the artery pericardium and the vein pericardium

Question 6

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 6

Excess fluid in pericardial cavity

Presses on heart surface and compromises the ability of the heart to expand - reducing cardiac output.

Question 7

What is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?

Answer 7

It anchors the valves and the heart muscle, allowing the atria to contract downwards and the ventricles to contract upwards.

Question 8

Where is the coronary sulcus of the heart?

Answer 8

Between the atria and the ventricles

Question 9

What is the Crux of the heart?

Answer 9

Where the grooves come together on the posterior surface of the heart

Question 10

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

Answer 10

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium (parietal)
Serous pericardium (visceral)

Question 11

What is pericarditis?

Answer 11

Inflammation of any of the 3 layers of pericardium

Question 12

What are the major arteries supplying the head and neck?

Answer 12

Common carotid arteries
(internal carotid - brain)
(external carotid - everything around it)

Question 13

What is the major artery of the trunk?

Answer 13

Aorta

Question 14

What is the major artery of the lower limb and pelvis?

Answer 14

Common iliac arteries
(internal iliac - pelvis and perineum)
(external iliac - lower limb)

Question 15

What is the major vein of the upper limb?

Answer 15

Subclavian vein

Question 16

What is the major vein of the trunk?

Answer 16

IVC

Question 17

What are the major veins of the lower limbs and pelvis?

Answer 17

Common iliac veins

Question 18

Where should the apex of the heart be located?

Answer 18

5th intercostal space at mid-clavicular line

Question 19

Where are the vertices of the RHS of the heart located?

Answer 19

3rd costal cartilage

6th costal cartilage

Question 20

Where is the LHS top vertex of the heart located?

Answer 20

2nd intercostal space

Question 21

What is found between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium?

Answer 21

Fluid in the pericardial cavity to lubricate the movements of the heart

Question 22

What can the visceral pericardium sense?

Answer 22

ONLY stretch

not pain

Question 23

How is pain signalled in cardiac tamponade?

Answer 23

Pericardial membranes signal pain via the phrenic nerves (C3, C4 and C5) –> symptoms of sore shoulder

Question 24

What is an important function of the cardiac skeleton?

Answer 24

Anchorage for the heart muscle

Question 25

Where do the pulmonary veins enter the heart?

Answer 25

At the base

Question 26

What is found under the visceral pericardium?

Answer 26

Layer of fat (epicardial fat)

Question 27

What kind of X ray is used for the heart and why?

Answer 27

PA | heart enlarges less this way

Question 28

How do you check the size of the heart on an X ray?

Answer 28

Work out the cardiothoracic ratio = max horizontal cardiac diameter/max horizontal thoracic diameter Should be less than 0.5

Question 29

What types of scan can be used to image the heart?

Answer 29

``` X ray Echo fMRI Coronary angiograms Magnetic resonance angiograms ```