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Dermatology > Intro to Dermatology > Flashcards

Intro to Dermatology Flashcards

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1
Q

What should you think of in puppies with hair loss?

A
  • Causes of folliculitis
  • Food allergies
  • Scabies
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2
Q

What should you think of in older dogs with hair loss or infection?

A
  • Need to rule out underlying endocrine causes
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3
Q

When do congenital or hereditary conditions start approximately?

A
  • around 8 weeks
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4
Q

What are the three main causes of folliculitis?***

KNOW THIS

A
  • Bacterial pyoderma
  • Demodicosis
  • Ringworm
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5
Q

What breeds get allergies?

A
  • Terriers
  • Labradors
  • Frenchies
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6
Q

What breed gets seborrhea?

A
  • Cocker spaniels
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7
Q

What breed gets hypothyroidism?

A
  • Doberman pinscher
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8
Q

What type of animal gets reproductive hormone endocrinopathies?

A
  • Intact animals
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9
Q

What should you think of with an intact male or a male dog with feminization features?

A
  • Sertoli cell tumor

- If they are castrated, look for a retained testicle

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10
Q

What do Blue Dobermans get?

A
  • Color dilution alopecia
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11
Q

What do lightly pigmented breeds get?

A
  • Solar dermatoses
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12
Q

What can be one of the most important aspects of diagnosing skin disease?

A
  • History
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13
Q

What questions should you ask for a history with skin disease?

A
  • Itching, and how itchy is it?
  • When did it start?
  • Seasonal or non-seasonal
  • Which comes first (itching, alopecia, pustules)?
  • Any changes at home/foods?
  • Flea medication?
  • Is anyone else affected?***
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14
Q

How should you describe dermatologic conditions?

A
  1. BE SPECIFIC (Color, size, shape, symmetry, location)
  2. Describe/think of distribution
  3. Describe severity (mild, moderate, severe)
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15
Q

Primary dermatologic lesion

A
  • Early lesions that suggest the disease process
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16
Q

Secondary dermatologic lesion

A
  • Usually late in the disease process and secondary to underlying processes or self-trauma
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17
Q

Is a macule a primary or secondary lesion?

A
  • Primary
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18
Q

Describe a macule

A
  • Circumscribed flat spot up to 1 cm

- Non-palpable

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19
Q

What is a macule?

A
  • Melanin (e.g. melanotic macule), depigmentation, erythema, local hemorrhage
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20
Q

Describe a patch

A
  • Macule >1 cm in diameter

- Same possibilities as macules (depigmentation, melanin, erythema, hemorrhage, etc.)

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21
Q

What are differentials for melanotic macules or patches?

A
  • post-inflammatory lentigo
  • early melanoma
  • Sex hormone dermatoses
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22
Q

What is lentigo simplex?

A
  • Black macules on the gums of orange cats

- These are incidental findings

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23
Q

Differentials for depigmented macules or patches?

A
  • Post-inflammatory
  • Immune-mediated (discoid lupus erythematosus)
  • Vitiligo
  • Drug eruption
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24
Q

Differentials for erythematous macules or patches?

A
  • Acute dermatitis (allergic, parasitic, bacterial, auto-immune/immune-mediated)
  • Hemorrhagic (vasculopathy or coagulopathy)
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25
Are papules primary or secondary lesions?**
Primary
26
Describe a papule**
- Solid elevation up to 1 cm - Often erythematous - Palpable
27
What is a papule?**
- Infiltration of cells (neutrophils or red blood cells)
28
What type of disease process should you think of when you see a papule?**
- Think INFECTION
29
Differentials for papules?***
- PYODERMA - Parasites (Demodex, scabies, etc.) - Allergy (flea, food, contact) - feline miliary dermatitis - Calcinosis cutis
30
Describe a plaque
- Larger, flat-topped elevation formed by extension or coalition of papules - Often exudative or glistening
31
Dfdx for plaques
- Same as for papules and chronic inflammatory disease (pyoderma**, parasites, allergy from flea/food/contact, feline miliary dermatitis, calcinosis cutis) - Eosinophilic granuloma
32
Describe a pustule**
- Small circumscribed elevation of skin filled with pus
33
Differentials for a pustule*** YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS**
- Folliculitis (demodicosis, bacterial pyoderma, dermatophytosis), sterile eosinophilic pustulosis - Non-follicular (pyoderma, pemphigus foliaceus, sterile eosinophilic pustulosis, drug eruption)
34
Is a pustule primary or secondary?
- Primary lesion
35
Because you should know this, what are the follicular differentials for a pustule?
- demodicosis - bacterial pyoderma - dermatophytosis - Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
36
Because you should know this, what are the non-follicular differentials for a pustule?
- Pemphigus foliaceus - Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis - Drug eruption - Pyoderma
37
Describe a vesicle
- Circumscribed lesion; up to 1 cm filled with clear fluid | - Rarely seen because they often rupture
38
What happens when a vesicle ruptures?
- Turns into a crust
39
Is a vesicle a primary or a secondary lesion?
- Primary
40
What types of disease process do clear vesicles most often suggest in small animals and large animals?
- Small animal: auto-immune | - Large animal: viral
41
What should you think with hemorrhagic vesicles?
- Infectious
42
Describe a bulla
- Vesicle that is >1 cm
43
Describe a wheal (i.e. hives)
- Circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema
44
Time frame of wheals
- Appears/disappears within minutes or hours
45
Are wheals primary or secondary lesions?
- Primary
46
What is something you must differentiate from wheals or hives?
- Pyoderma or folliculitis
47
How can you differentiate pyoderma/folliculitis from wheals/hives?
- If the hives don't go away after treatment with anti-inflammatory medications
48
Differentials for wheals
- Urticaria - Insect bites - Positive reaction on intradermal skin test
49
Urticaria
- basically hives?
50
Describe a nodule**
- Circumscribed solid elevation >1 cm | - Results from massive infiltration of inflammatory or neoplastic cells into the dermis or subcutis
51
Differentials for nodules**
- Infectious disease - Neoplasia - Sterile causes (that's then being traumatized)
52
What is a tumor?
- Neoplastic enlargement of any structure of the skin
53
Is a nodule a primary or secondary dermatopathy?
- Primary
54
Is a tumor a primary or secondary dermatopathy?
- Primary
55
Differentials for tumor
- Infectious - Sterile - Neoplasia
56
What is a cyst?
- A cyst is an epithelial-lined cavity with fluid or solid material
57
Is a cyst a primary or secondary lesion?
- Primary
58
What are some examples of things that cysts can be filled with, and what will it look like??
- keratin (toothpaste like) - Apocrine (fluid) - Sebaceous
59
Differentials for a cyst?
- Follicular (inclusion) cyst - Apocrine sweat gland cyst - Sebaceous cyst (rare)
60
Are secondary lesions specific?
- No, they are not specific for the disease causing them
61
What causes secondary lesions most often?
- Inflammation or self-trauma
62
Describe epidermal collarettes***
- Circular area of alopecia with loose keratin (scale) around the periphery
63
Are epidermal collarettes primary or secondary?
- Footprint of pyoderma
64
What diseases do epidermal collarettes often suggest?
- Pyoderma or infection | - Could be allergy too
65
What do epidermal collarettes often get confused as?
- Dermatophytosis
66
How can you help distinguish epidermal collarettes from dermatophytosis?
- Dermatophytosis is often more erythematous and ring-like | - Epidermal collarettes are more ring-like and hyperpigmented
67
Differentials for epidermal collarettes?**
- Bacterial pyoderma**** - Less often: autoimmune or immune-mediated; dermatophytosis*, demodex* - Think about your folliculitis differentials
68
Describe crusts**
- Dried exudate composed of serum, pus, blood, cells, scales, medications on surface of skin - It's not a scab! (slash it is but don't call it that!)
69
Are crusts primary or secondary lesions?
- They are secondary lesions
70
Differentials for hemorrhagic crusts?
- Self trauma - Pyoderma - Demodex - Dermatophytosis - Parasites - Auto-immune
71
Differentials for yellow crusts?
- Pyoderma - Pemphigus foliaceus - Distribution can help you
72
Differentials for crusts on the footpads?
- Pemphigus foliaceus - Zinc responsive dermatophytosis - Hepatocutaneous syndrome - Distemper
73
Describe a scar?
- Area of fibrous tissue that has replaced the damaged dermis or subcutis - Alopecic - Depigmented - Atrophic
74
Are scars primary or secondary lesions?
- Secondary
75
Differentials for a scar?
- Previous severe damage to the skin
76
Describe an excoriation
- LINEAR superficial removal of epidermis by scratching, biting, rubbing - Usually self-induced - Can be erosions or ulcers
77
Differentials for excoriation
- Self-trauma
78
What do excoriations suggest about a patient?
- That the patient is itchy
79
Are excoriations primary or secondary?
Secondary
80
Describe an erosion
- Break in the continuity of the epidermis | - Does not penetrate basement membrane zone
81
How does an erosion heal?
- Without scarring
82
Differentials for erosions?
- SElf trauma from allergies or ectoparasites | - Auto-immune/immune-mediated
83
Describe an ulcer?
- Deeper break in the epidermis that penetrates the dermis
84
Does an ulcer heal with or without scarring?
- Heals with scarring
85
Are ulcers primary or secondary?
- They are secondary
86
Ulcer differential diagnoses
- Severe trauma - Deep pyoderma - Fungal - Neoplasia - Autoimmune/immune-mediated - Eosinophilic granuloma complex
87
Describe lichenification
- Thickened, hardened skin with exaggerated superficial skin markings - "elephant skin" - Typically hyperpigmented
88
What does lichenification suggest about the timeline of a disease?
- Chronicity
89
Differential diagnoses for lichenification
- Chronic trauma (usually secondary to pruritus), chronic inflammatory/infectious changes
90
What are animals with lichenification often secondarily infected with?
- Pyoderma (surface) | - Yeast
91
Is lichenification primary or secondary?
- Often secondary
92
Describe hyperkeratosis
- Increase in the thickness of the cornified layer of the skin
93
Differentials for hyperkeratosis if it's on the nose, elbows, feet pads?
- Old age change, callus
94
Differentials for hyperkeratosis if it's on the feet pads?
- Pemphigus foliaceus - Zinc responsive dermatosis - Hepatocutaneous syndrome - Distemper
95
Describe a fissure?
- Linear damage into epidermis that may extend into the dermis - Can be single or multiple
96
Where do fissures tend to occur?
- Ear margins | - Ocular, nasal, oral, anal mucocutaneous borders
97
Differentials for fissures
- trauma or disease - Distemper - Auto-immune - Immune-mediated (vasculitis)
98
Describe a callus
- Thickened, hyperkeratotic, lichenified plaque over bony prominences from chronic friction
99
Where do calluses form?
- Elbows, hocks, hips, and sternum | - Bony prominences
100
Are calluses primary or secondary?
- Secondary
101
Are fissures primary or secondary?
- Secondary
102
Is alopecia primary or secondary?
- Can be either
103
Describe alopecia
- Baldness, absence of hair from skin where it is normally present - Can be patchy (moth eaten) - Complete
104
With what diseases can alopecia be primary?
- Endocrinopathies
105
With what diseases can alopecia be secondary?
- Pyoderma* - Demodex* - Dermatophytosis
106
Differentials for multifocal alopecia?
- Pyoderma* - Demodex* - Dermatophytosis* - Sebaceous adenitis - Self-trauma
107
Differentials for symmetrical alopecia?
- Endocrinopathies** - Telogen defluxion - Anagen defluxion - Follicular dysplasias - Alopecia X - Self trauma
108
Describe a scale
- Accumulation of loose fragments of cornified layer of skin - Consistency and color may vary (oily, waxy, dry; yellow, white, brown)
109
Is a scale primary or secondary?
- Can be either
110
Differentials for scales
- Investigate skin closely for pyoderma; otherwise consider causes of seborrhea
111
Causes of seborrhea
- Ichthyosis | - Primary idiopathic seborrhea
112
Describe follicular casts
- Accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to the hair shaft
113
Differentials for follicular casts
- Causes of folliculitis (dermatophytes, bacterial pyoderma, demodex) - Sebaceous adenitis - Vitamin A responsive dermatosis, primary seborrhea
114
Are follicular casts primary or secondary?
- Either
115
Describe hyperpigmentation
- Increased epidermal and sometimes dermal melanin
116
Differentials for hyperpigmentation
- Post-inflammatory trauma - Endocrine disease - Lentigo - End result of an epidermal collarette
117
Is hyperpigmentation primary or secondary?
- Can be either
118
Describe hypopigmentation
- Loss of epidermal melanin
119
Differentials for hypopigmentation
- Post-inflammatory - Immune-mediated - Vitiligo - Leukoderma - Discoid lupus erythematosus
120
Is hypopigmentation primary or secondary?
- Either
121
Describe comedomes?
- Dilated hair follicle filled with keratin and sebaceous debris
122
Differentials for comedomes (and which should be #1)?
- Demodex*** - Endocrine - Feline acne - Seborrhea
123
What should you think if you see lesions on the ventrum?
- Pyoderma
124
What should you think if you see lesions on the head?
- Demodicosis
125
What should you think if you see lesions on the ear tips?
- Scabies | - Vasculitis
126
What should you think if the lesions are on the face/muzzle/head/hears?
- Pemphigus foliaceus
127
What should you think if the lesions on the flanks and tail tip?
- Endocrine
128
What should you think for itching/licking paws/overgrooming?
- Allergies/infections until proven otherwise
129
What should you do diagnostically for a pustule?
- Think folliculitis (bacterial, pyoderma, demodex, dermatophytosis) - Multiple skin scrapings - Cytology - +/- fungal culture
130
How should you determine a therapeutic plan?
- Interpret your diagnostic test results (e.g. negative skin scrapings or cytology showing PMNs with intracellular bacterial cocci) - Always think of the patient (severity and distribution of lesions) - Address the client's primary complaint
131
What are the most common client complaints?
- Itching | - Skin/ear infections

Dermatology (15 decks)

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