Intro to development

Question 1

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely the absence of disease and infirmity:

Answer 1

Definition of Health (WHO)

Question 2

Ways to Assess Health:

Answer 2

• Physical Manifestations
• Symptoms
• Functional status:
  
  • Disability
  • Handicap

Question 3

Those activities identified by an individual as essential to support physical, social and psychological well-being and to create a personal sense of meaningful life:

Answer 3

Definition of Function (Guide to PT Practice)

Question 4

Disablement and Enablement Health status Models:

Answer 4

• Disablement:
  
  • Nagi: pathology → impairment → functional limitation → disability
  • ICIDH: disease → impairment → disability → handicap
• Enablement:
  
  • ICF: health condition → body function & structure → activity → participation

Question 5

What are the three domains of function?

Which lifespan theory of development falls in each domain?

Answer 5

1. Biophysical: Dynamic Systems​.
2. Psychological: Erickson’s psychological stages.
3. Social: Social Learning:
   • Maslow
   • Bandura
   • Bronfenbrenner

Question 6

Development of Physical Function:

Answer 6

1. Survival Needs
2. Home
3. Community

Question 7

Factor affecting function:

Answer 7

• Personal
• Environment
• Societal norms

Question 8

Componentes of function:

Answer 8

• Flexibility
• Balance
• Power
• Endurance
• Coordination

Question 9

life long, multidimensional, plastic, rooted in history, and multi-causal

Answer 9

LIFESPAN

Question 10

Growth: changes in the physical dimensions of the body that are considered “normal” fall in which percentile?

Answer 10

10%-90% is considered “normal”

Question 11

Age of completion of development (≠ Maturity)

Answer 11

25-30 years old

Question 12

Senescence:

Answer 12

Progressive physiological decline

• Related to interactions with the environment.
• Occurs after reaching physiological peak.
• Increased vulnerability and likelihood of death.

Question 13

Periods of development:

Answer 13

• Prenatal
• Infancy: birth - 2y
• Childhood: 2 - 10/12y
• Adolesecence: 10 - 18y, 12-20y

Question 14

Erikson’s Stages:

Infancy

Answer 14

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 15

Erikson’s Stages:

Toddlers:

Answer 15

Independence, self control

Question 16

Erikson’s Stages:

Preschooler:

Answer 16

Initiation of independent activity

Question 17

Erikson’s Stages:

School aged:

Answer 17

Completion of tasks for recognition

Question 18

Erikson’s Stages:

Adolescence:

Answer 18

Sense of self: physically, sexually, socially

Question 19

Erikson’s Stages:

Young Adult:

Answer 19

Relationships with others

Question 20

Erikson’s Stages:

Middle adulthood:

Answer 20

Guiding the next generation

Question 21

Erikson’s Stages:

Late adulthood:

Answer 21

Sense of wholeness, vitality, wisdom

Question 22

Bandura’s sociocultural:

Answer 22

• Modeling
• Experience + Memory = Learning
• Social skills

Question 23

Maslow’s motivation:

Answer 23

• Achievement of each mstage depends on mastery of the previous

Question 24

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecology:

Answer 24

• Organisms are best studied in their natural habitat
• Interaction of family, community and culture is important

Question 25

Which theory suggest that CNS maturation is the primary determinant of motor behavior and experience plays no role in development

Answer 25

**Maturationist**

Question 26

Piaget's stages: Concerned with the “here and now,” developing object permanence and discovering new ways to play with toys

Answer 26

**Sensorimotor: 1-2 yr**

Question 27

Piaget's stage: Imaginative and symbolic play. Uni-dimensional thinking

Answer 27

**Pre-Operational:** 2-7 y

Question 28

Piaget's stage: Logical sequencing, able to see things from others point of view (bullying can start at this stage)

Answer 28

**Concrete Operational**: 7-13 y/o

Question 29

Piaget's stage: Hypothetico-deductive thinking, understanding of interactions (learning algebra)

Answer 29

Formal Operational: 13 y

Question 30

Which child theory focuses on interaction with the environment, organization, and adaptation

Answer 30

Piaget’s Stages

Question 31

Skinner’s Behaviorist Theory

Answer 31

* Conditioning and reinforcement * All behavior is learned ## Footnote *(as opposed to the maturist theaory)*

Question 32

Child Theories: Psychological Perceptual Cognitive

Answer 32

* Perception guides action * Information processing * Environmental Affordance

Question 33

Child temperament types:

Answer 33

* Easy * Difficult * Slow to warm up

Question 34

Chid **Attachment** types : Relationship with caregiver

Answer 34

○ Secure ○ Anxious ○ Resistant ○ Disorganized

Question 35

The development of play:

Answer 35

○ Solitary ○ Onlooker ○ Parallel (1y) ○ Associative (1-2y) ○ Cooperative (2-4y) ○ Symbolic (\>4y)

Question 36

Erikson’s work was extended by **Valliant** to include 2 additional stages:

Answer 36

* **Career Consolidation** * **​Bet initimacy adn generativity** * 20-40 years of age; focus on career development * Job to career transformation: competence, commitment, contentment and compensation * **Keeper of meaning** * **​Following generativity vs. stagnation** * Late middle adulthood * Preserving culture, guiding groups, preserves traditions

Question 37

Lavinson's “Seasons of a man’s life” ….described as 4 eras of one life with\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ periods of transition in between

Answer 37

5 year

Question 38

Lavinson's “Seasons of a man’s life”

Answer 38

1. Pre-adulthood: up to age 22 2. Early: 17-45 years 3. Middle: 40-65 years 4. Late adulthood: 60 to ???

Question 39

decisions, considerate of others, financially Independent Accepting responsibility, make independent decisions

Answer 39

criteria of adulthood

Question 40

**Hayflick limit** theory:

Answer 40

limit to the number of cell replications in life of human cell (50), after which is followed by senescence and death

Question 41

Children with Progeria (premature aging) show lower \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

Hayflick limits

Question 42

is a rare, fatal genetic condition characterized by an appearance of accelerated aging in children

Answer 42

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome ("Progeria", or "HGPS")

Question 43

Programmed Cell Death:

Answer 43

Apoptosis

Question 44

Apoptosis can also occur in response to DNA that is

Answer 44

damaged and cannot be repaire

Question 45

Randomly occurring events related to the environment that cause insult to the body are called

Answer 45

sochastic changes

Question 46

Selective Optimization with Compensation

Answer 46

* A model of successful aging * Reallocating of resources for best outcome ○ Arthur Rubenstein