Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

Question

pseudohypoparathyroidism

Answer 1

- defect is in alpha subunit of G coupled receptor - there is enough PTH, but it can't cause it's effect - low calcium and high P - primary is problem with gland

Answer 2

- hypothalamic and pituitary hormones released in cyclical fashion - can be affected by time of day and behavior - GH at noon and midnight

Answer 3

- vascular connections to ant pit - pit gland highly vascularized and lies at the base of brain in sella tucica - secretion of pit hormones regulated via vascular connections - venous blood carrying neuropeptides from the hypothal and pit stalk to different cell types in the gland - axons from hypothalamic nuclei extend to the median eminance, where they release hormones into the hypophyseal portal circulation, carries them to anterior pit - the hormones inhibit or stimulate the release of various trophic hormones into the systemic blood - protein and glycoproteins * neurons-portal system-anterior pit

Answer 4

- arterial blood - neural connections to hypothal - axons from hypothalamic nuclei extend to the posterior pit (supraoptic and paraventricular) - hormones oxytocin and ADH stored until they are released into systemic bloodstream - receives arterial blood - smaller molecular mass peptides that are associated with neurophysins *neurons-post pit

Answer 5

- inhibited by somatostatin - from hypothal to somatotroph cell in ant pit - ant pit secretes GH - to multiple somatic tissues

Answer 6

- to thyrotroph cell in anterior pit - secretes TSH - to thyroid to make thyroid hormone

Answer 7

- to corticotroph cell in ant pit - ant pit secretes ATCH - fasciculata and reticularis cells of adrenal cortex, to make corticosteroids

Answer 8

- to gonadotroph cell in pit - ant pit secretes FSH and LH - FSH to ovarian follicular cells, to make estrogens and progestins, sertoli cells to make sperm - LH to ovarian to make estrogen and progestins, to leydig cells to make testosterone

Answer 9

- to ant pit - inhibits lactotroph cell - inhibits secretion of prolactin

Answer 10

ADH, oxytocin to post pit and stored until release

Answer 11

- use size and cellular stains - large acidophilic cells are somatotropes are 30% of secreting cells and release GH - basophilic cells are corticotropes represent 20% of secreting cells and release ACTH - territories occupied by different cell types can be dynamic - increase in lactotrophic cells during pregnancy

Answer 12

- females negative until right before ovulation - pos and neg feedback control amounts of circulating hormones - closed loop systems that can be simple or involve hierarchical control - system senses when it should increase or decrease activity - peptides that feedback on HPA can pass BBB - feedback of hormones released from peripheral glands onto HPA is long loop - short loop is anterior pit feeding back on hypothal

Answer 13

- under tonic inhibitory control - TRH small stimulus - dopamine inhibits, so do dopa agonists (bromocriptine) - antagonists can cause decrease in inhibition and change breast tissue - prolactin has neg feedback on own release by enhancing dopamine via short loop pathway - circulating prolactin increases if the pit stalk is severed or an individual is taking dopamine antagonist

Answer 14

- pre pro to pro in hypothal - pro to actual hormone and neurophysins in axon - hormone and neurphysins released together

Answer 15

- promotes milk let down and uterine contractions - responds to suckling - responds with contractions in response to cervix - can also be secreted in response to sight, smell, sound of an infant and orgasm - the hypothalamic cell bodies that synthesize oxytocin are primarily in the paraventricular nuclei

Answer 16

- supraoptic nuclei - stored and released in post pit - main function is water balance - it is released in response to increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid and decreased blood pressure - major effect of promoting water reabsorption from the kidney - when ADH is high, low volume of concentrated urine is produced

Answer 17

- increases in response to volume contraction- losing blood need to keep fluid - also decreases with volume expansion- drinking too much water - ADH major regulator of fluid osmolarity - secretion increases in response to increase serum osmolarity (dehydration) - promotes water reabsorption- decreases osmolarity- V2 receptor - V1 causes contraction of smooth muscle which increases TPR

Answer 18

- failure of post pit to secrete ADH - produce large volumes of dilute uring - body fluids become concentrated

Answer 19

- insufficiency of pit to release hormones - insufficiency of hypothalamic releasing hormones - multiple causes- pit tumor/brain damage - clinical symptoms are unspecific, can be life threatening and lead to increased mortality - TBI or subarachnoid hemorrhage - brain tumor causes might be more common than adenomas

Answer 20

- chronic: fatigue, pallor, anorexia, weight loss - hypocalcaemia, hypotension, anaemia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, hyponatraemia - acute:weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, circulatory collapse, fever, shock - children: delayed puberty, FTT

Answer 21

- tiredness, cold intolerance, constipation, hair loss, dry skin, hoarseness, cognitive slowing - weight gain, bradycardia, hypotension - children-retarded development, growth retardation

Answer 22

women: oligoamenorrhea, loss of libido, dyspareunia, infertility - osteoporosis men: loss of libido, impaired sexual function, mood impairment, loss of facial, scrotal, and trunk hair - decreased muscle mass, osteoporosis, anaemia - children: delayed puberty

Answer 23

- decreased muscle mass strength, visceral obesity, fatigue, decreased QOL, impairment of attention and memory - children:growth retardation

Answer 24

- polyuria, polydipsia | - decreased urine osmolarity, hypernatraemia, polyuria