Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

endocrinology lectures phase 2 > intro to endocrnology > Flashcards

intro to endocrnology Flashcards

1
Q

major components of endocrine system

A
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
    -pancreas
  • ovary
  • testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define endocrinology

A

the study of hormones (and their gland of origin), their receptors, the intracellular signalling pathways, and their associated diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define endocrine

A

glands pour secretions into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define exocrine

A

outside

glands pour secretions through a duct to site of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

thyroid, adrenal, beta cells of pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

examples of exocrine

A

pancreas - amylase, lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 categories of hormones

A

water soluble

fat soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

compare transport of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

water soluble - unbound

fat soluble - protein bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare cell interaction in water soluble and fat soluble

A

water soluble - bind to surface receptor

fat soluble - diffuse into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

compare half life of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

water soluble - short

fat soluble - long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

compare clearance of water soluble and fat soluble hormones

A

water soluble - fast

fat soluble - slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 examples of water soluble hormones

A

peptides, monoamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 examples of fat soluble hormones

A

thyroid hormone, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe endocrine hormone action

A

blood - borne

acting at distance sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe paracrine hormone action

A

acting on adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe autocrine hormone action

A

feedback on same cell that secreted hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are peptides and monoamines stored

A

in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are steroids stored

A

they are not

they are synthesised on demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe length of peptide hormones

A

they vary in length

TRH- 3 amino acids

gonadotropins - 180 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe structure of peptide hormones

A

liner or ring structure

two chains and may bind to carbohydrates eg LH,FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

characteristics of peptide hormones

A

stored in secretory granules

hydrophilic

water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how are peptide hormones released

A

in pulses or bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are peptide hormones cleared

A

by tissue or circulating enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe process of making peptide hormones

A
  1. synthesis : preporhormone -> prohormone
  2. packaging: prohormone -> hormone
  3. storage: hormone
  4. secretion: hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do peptide hormones do
act as surface receptor and secondary messenger activation
26
what are all amines derivatives of
phenylanine
27
what are amines secreted by
medulla
28
what is the rate limiting step in amine production
the conversion to L-DOPA
29
what does cortisol do in amine production
cortisol potentiates conversion of norepin to epin
30
characteristics of amines
- water soluble - stored in secretory granules - release pulsatile - rapid clearance e
31
which receptors to amines bind
bind to alpha and beta receptors or D1 and D2
32
impact of alpha receptors
vasoconstrition dilated pupil alertness contraction of stomach bowel, anal sphincter
33
what happens when adrenoreceptors become activated
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight response
34
are thyroid hormones wate soluble
no 99% is protein bound
35
how much of T3 in blood is secreted directly by thyroid
only 20% of T3 in the circulation is secreted directly by thyroid
36
process of thyroid release
1. secretory cels release thyroglobulin intro colloid - acts as base for thyroid hormone synthesis 2. incorporation of iodine on tyrosine molecules to form iodothyrosinases 3. conjugation of iodothyrosines gives rise to T3 and T4 and stored in colloid bound to thyroglobulin 4. TSH stimulates the movement of colloid into secretory cell, T4 and T3 cleaved from thyroglobulin
37
3 locations of hormone receptors
1. cell membrane - peptide 2. cytoplasm - steroid 3. nucleus - thyroid
38
what’s in the nuclear receptor family
- oestrogen - thyroid hormone - vit D
39
what’s in the steroid receptor family
- glucocorticoids - cortisol - mineralcorticoids - aldosterone - androgens - testosterone - progesterone
40
give an advantage of cell membrane receptors
cell selectivity
41
which receptor sites may alter cell transcription
all 3 receptor sites - cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
42
which type of hormone are more lipid soliuble
steroids they are more lipid soluble to cross cell membrane
43
describe solubility of vitamin D
fat soluble
44
how does vitamin D enter cells
enters cells directly to nucleus to stimulate mRNA production
45
how is vitamin D transported
by vitamin D binding protein
46
how much of adrenocortical and gonadal steroids are protein bound
95%
47
what happens to adrenocortical and gonadal steroids after entering cell
1. pass to nucleus to induce response 2. altered to active metabolite 3. bind to a cytoplasmic receptor
48
describe inactivation of adrenocortical and gonadal steroids
not too rapid in liver by reduction and oxidation or conjugation to glucoronide and sulphate groups
49
describe the intracellular steroid pathway
1. steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane and binds to receptor 2. receptor hormone complex enters nucleus 3. receptor hormone complex binds to GRE 4. binding initiates transcription of gene to mRNA 5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
50
how is hormone secretion controlled
1. basal secretion - continuously or pulsatile 2. superadded rhythms - eg day nighy cycle 3. release inhibiting factors 4. releasing factors
51
how is hormone action controlled
1. hormone metabolism 2. hormone receptor induction 3. hormone receptor down regulation 4. synergism 5. antagonism
52
how does hormone metabolism control hormone action
increased metabolism to reduce function
53
how does hormone receptor induction control hormone action
induction of LH receptors by FSH in follicle
54
how does hormone receptor down regulation control hormone action
hormone secreted in large quantities cause down regulation of its target receptors
55
how does synergism affect control of hormone action
combined effects of two hormones amplified eg glucagon with epinephrine
56
how does antagonism control hormone action
one hormone opposes other hormone eg glucagon antagonises insulin
57
describe negative feedback
initial stimulus response decreased stimulus response loop shuts off
58
describe positive feedback
initial stimulus response increased stimulus back to response
59
how do you shut positive feedback
an outside factor is required
60
3 types of negative feedback loops
short loop negative feedback ultra short loop negative feedback long loop negative feedback
61
what components are shown in MRI of normal pituitary gland
optic chiasm hypothalamus pituitary stalk
62
which cranial nerves are around pituitary gland
oculomotor trochlear abducens ophthalmic maxillary
63
what does the posterior pituitary gland produce
1. hypothalamic neurones synthesis oxytocin or ADH 2. oxytocin and ADH are transported down the axons of the hypothalamic - hyphophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary 3. oxytocin and ADH are stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary 4. when hypothalamic neurones activated , hormones released
64
what does oxytocin do
stimulates mammary glands and labour conyraction
65
what hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary gland
TSH - thyroid ACTH -adrenal cortex FSH & LH - testes or ovaries GH - entire body Prolactin PRL - mammary glands
66
what happens if you get pituitary dysfunction
tumour mass effects hormone excess hormone deficiency
67
investigations for pituitary dysfunction
hormonal tests if hormonal tests are abnormal or tumour mass effects perform MRI pituitary
68
describe the hypothalamo - pituitary - thyroid axis
hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> thyroid gland
69
describe thyroid hormone function
Accelerates food metabolism Increases protein synthesis Stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism Enhances fat metabolism Increase in ventilation rate Increase in cardiac output and heart rate Brain development during foetal life and postnatal development Growth rate accelerated
70
describe hypothalamo - pituitary - adrenal axis and cortisol actions
hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> adrenal cortex hormones : CRH -> ACTH -> CORT
71
components of adrenal gland
capsule zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis adrenal medulla
72
3 types of steroids
mineralocorticoids - aldosterone glucocorticoids - cortisol androgens androgens - androstenedione, DHEA
73
primary regulators of RAAS system
decrease in blood volume and/or blood pressure increase in K+ in loop
74
impact of RAAS system
increased absorption of Na+ and water increased K+ excretion increased blood volume and/or blood pressure
75
describe adrenal hormone short term stress response
- heart rare increases - blood pressure increases - bronchioles dilate - liver coverts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood - blood flow changes, reducing digestive system activity and urine output - metabolic rate increases
76
long term stress response from adrenal horm,one
- kidneys retain sodium and water - blood volume and bp rise - proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy - blood glucose increases - immune system suppressed
77
where is FSH produced
granulosa cell
78
where is LH produced
theca cell
79
describe formation of eostgroen
cholesterol -> androgen -> oestrogen via enzyme aromatise
80
5 steroid actions
1. Steroid hormone diffuse through plasma membrane and binds to receptor 2. Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus 3. Receptor-hormone complex binds to GRE 4. Binding initiates transcription of gene to mRNA 5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
81
what does the adrenal cortex produce
Produces steroids hormones: Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol androgens Androgens e.g. androstenedione and DHEA
82
what does the adrenal medulla produce
Produces epinephrine and norephinephrine

endocrinology lectures phase 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions