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Intro to epidemiology and descriptive Flashcards

1
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the study and analysis of the distribution, patters, and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population

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2
Q

epidemic

A

illness/behavior/health related event in excess of normal

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3
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic that affects the population of an extensive region

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4
Q

endemic

A

ongoing, usual, or constant presence of a disease in a community

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5
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A

involves characterization of the distribution of helath-related states or events (person, place, time)

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6
Q

objectives of descriptive epidemiology

A
  • describe public health problem via person, place, time
  • communicate public health problem with the use of tables and graphs
  • identify who is at greatest risk for selected health-related states or events
  • use serveillance methods
  • understand how it can improve
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7
Q

what is meant in regards to descriptive data on a person

A
  • age
  • sex
  • race/ethnicity
  • marital and family status
  • occupation
  • education
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8
Q

what has a strong influence on outcomes

A

age

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9
Q

what are population pyramids used for

A

tracking and comparing changes in the population age distributions over time

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10
Q

what are the types of population pyramids

A

stationary
expansive
constrictive

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11
Q

stationary pyarmid

A

a population pyramid typical of countries within average fertility and low mortality

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12
Q

expansive pyramid

A

a population pyramid that is very wide at the base, indicating high birth and death rates

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13
Q

constrictive pyramid

A
  • comes in at the bottom
  • population is generally old on average
  • long life expectancy
  • low death rate
  • low birth rate
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14
Q

why is family structure important

A
  • health behavior clusters in family
  • genetics
  • important to look at intervention approaches as a family unit
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15
Q

how does occupation relate to health outcomes

A

socioeconomic status, eidcation, risk of injury

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16
Q

what is the healthy worker effect

A

phenomenon where working people are healthier than non working individuals

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17
Q

analytic epidemiology

A

involves finding and quantifying associations, testing, hypotheses, and identifying causes of health-related states or events

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18
Q

what does the where question look at

A

comparisons between or among geographic regions in grops before and after migration adn between twins raised in different settings

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19
Q

what is temporal in relation to time factors

A

meaning time
- referring to time-related elements or issues

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20
Q

how do epidemiologic investigations take

A

can range from hours to weeks to years to decades

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21
Q

what is the main driver of surveillance

A

public health initiatives

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22
Q

what normally comes first descriptive epi or analytic epi

A

descriptive

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23
Q

what is a cause in regards to epi

A

a specific event, condition, or characteristic that precedes the health outcome and is necessary for its occurance

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24
Q

how can adverse health outcomes be prevented

A

by eliminating the exposure vaccinations, quarantines,

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25
is the presence of a given exposure necessary for a specific health outcome and adverse health outcome to occur
no someone exposed to a virus is necessary for the virus to cause infection but not everyone exposed will get infected
26
risk factor
behavior, environmental exposure, or inherent human characteristic that increases the chance of developing an adverse health outcome - not sufficient to cause a disease
27
what are some risk factors
smoking --> cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung, disease, prematur/low birth weight babies unsafe sex --> STDs, cancer physical inactivity --> heart disease, hypertension
28
what are epicurves
different types of distribution that shows who has been infected
29
what are the three types of epicurves
- point-source/common source - continuous source - propagated
30
type of time trends
- secular trends - short term trends - cyclic trends - seasonal trends
31
secular time trends
represented long term changes in health-related states or events
32
short term trends
usually brief, unexpected increases in health related states or events
33
cyclic trends
represent periodic increases and decreases in the occurrence of health-related states or events
34
seasonal trend
pattern where rise and fall of disease occurs predictably throughout the year
35
point source epicurve
- will look like a pyramid - food outbreaks - comes from a specific source
36
continuous source
- from an exposure over a long time - will have a few infected and then show a long period of infected individuals
37
what is the time trend of a point source epidemic
individuals are exposed to the same source over a limited time period - clustering of cases in time with a sharp increase and trailing decline
38
propagated source
- from infections transmitted from one infected person to another - will look like multiple separate infected periods (gaps shows incubation period) - STDs, respiratory infections, etc.
39
what is the time trend for a continuous source epidemic
exposure is continuous over time - gradual increase, plateau, then decrease
40
case
a person in a population who has a disease, disorder, injury, or condition
41
case definition
standard set of criteria for classifying a person with a health problem - things like fever, cough, etc.
42
primary case
the first disease case in the population
43
index case
the first disease case brought to the attention of an epidimiologist
44
secondary case
a person who becomes infected after contact with a primary case
45
suspect case
individuals/group who have signs and symptoms but not diagnoses
46
probable suspect case
individual has some or all known symptoms
47
confirmed suspect case
individual has symptoms and a pos test to disease
48
case severity
how disabiling/debiitating the illness is
49
what is needed for transmission
a host, an infectious agent, and an environment
50
what is the host
the individual exposed, its susceptabilty and response to a given infection
51
what are some factors that influence the liklihood of an individual getting an infection
socioeconomic status, prior exposure, etc.
52
what is the infections agent
the cause - a bacteria, fungi, etc.
53
what is the environment
a factor that influences the opporunity for exposure - climate change, warm temperatures, humidity, etc.
54
what are the different words regarding disease transmission
fomite vector resevoir vehicle
55
fomite
inanimate object that can harbor a pathogen and is capable of being a means of transmission
56
vector
an invertebrate animal that transmits infection by conveying the pathogen from one host to another
57
reservoir
is the habitat (living or nonliving) in or on which an infectioys agent lives, frows, and multiplies, and on which it depends for its survival in nature
58
vehicle
fomite intermediary that conveys the infectious agent from its reservoir to a susceptible host
59
carrier
human that contains, spreads, or harbors an infectious organism
60
what are the types of carriers
active carrier convalescent carrier healthy carrier incubatory carrier intermittent carrier
61
active carrier
exposed and harbors the pathogen
62
convalescent carrier
harbors the pathogen, recovery phase
63
healthy/passive carrier
not ill but exposed and harbors the pathogen
64
incubatory carrier
exposed, and harbors the pathogen, ability to transmit
65
intermittent carrier
exposed to and harbors can spread pathogen at different times
66
what are the different modes of disease transmission
direct indirect
67
direct disease transmission
is the uninterrupted and immediate transfer of a pathogen from person to person
68
indirect disease transmission
occurs when a pathogen is transferred or carried by some intermediate
69
what are the types of indirect transmission
airborne vector-borne vehicle-borne
70
airborne transmission
droplets or dust carry the pathogen to the host and cause infection
71
vector-borne transmission
occurs when an arthropod conveys the infectious agent
72
vehicle-borne
involves an inanimate object that conveys an infection to a host
73
what is the infectious disease cycle
infectious agent --> resevoir --> portal of exit --> mode of transmission --> portal of entry --> susceptible host
74
using norovirus how does the infectious disease cycle work
infectious agent --> resevoir (stool) --> portal of exit (secretion of feces) --> mode of transmission (indirect via hands) --> portal of entry (most likely hands) --> susceptible host
75
what are ways to break the cycle regarding norovirus
stop the portal of entry by washing hands (other conditions wearing PPE), susceptible host by giving vaccines, can kill the virus directly attacking the infectious agent
76
what are the different levels of prevention
primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention methods
77
primary prevention
preventing disease or disorders before it happens
78
secondary prevention
aimed at the health screening and detection activities used to identify disease
79
tertiary precentions
limiting any disability by providing rehabilitaion when a disease, injury, or disorder has already occurred
80
efficacy
ability of a program to produce a desired effect among participants in the program compared to those not in the programe
81
effectiveness
the ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program

EPI (5 decks)

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