Intro To Head And Neck

Question 1

Parts of the skull

Answer 1

Neurocranium

Visceral cranium

Question 2

What does the neurocranium surround?

Answer 2

Surrounds the brain

Question 3

What is the visceral cranium?

Answer 3

The bones of the face

Question 4

Where is the face?

Answer 4

Eyebrows to chin

Question 5

What is part of the scalp and face?

Answer 5

The forehead

Question 6

How many muscles are used for mastication?

Answer 6

2

Question 7

What are the two types of muscles in the head?

Answer 7

Muscles of mastication

Muscles of facial express

Question 8

Four layers of Cervical fascia

Answer 8

Investing layer
Pretracheal layers
Prevertebral layer
Superficial layer

Question 9

What is the carotid sheath made of?

Answer 9

Formed by all three layers of deep cervical fascia

Question 10

The extracranial nerves (To Zanzibar By Motor Car)

Answer 10

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular 
Cervical

Question 11

What is the investing layer?

Answer 11

Most superficial of the deep layers of cervical fascia which surrounds the entire neck like a collar.

Question 12

What are the borders of the investing layer?

Answer 12

Superior margin= entire lower border of mandible

Mastoid process superior nuchal line

Question 13

What is the floor of the posterior triangle?

Answer 13

Scalene muscles

Question 14

What is the sensory nerve of the face?

Answer 14

trigeminal nerve

Question 15

What is the retropharangeal space?

Answer 15

A deep neck space that lies between the prevertebral layer of fascia and the fascia surrounding the the pharanyx and oesphogus (buccopharangeal fascia

Question 16

What is a retropharangeal abscess?

Answer 16

An infection in the retropharangeal space, it is normally second to an upper respiratory tract infection and is normally in under 5 year olds.

Question 17

What is Bell’s palsy?

Answer 17

Inflammation of the facial nerve which causes ipsilateral facial paralysis

Question 18

Facial nerve cranial nerve number

Answer 18

VII

Question 19

What do muscles of facial expression tend to be?

Answer 19

Dilators or sphincters

Question 20

What nerve innervates muscles of facial expression?

Answer 20

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

Question 21

Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve?

Answer 21

VII

Question 22

What innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 22

Trigeminal nerve

Question 23

What cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 23

VII

Question 24

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

Answer 24

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular 
Cervical
(To Zanzibar By Motor Car)

Question 25

What gland does the facial nerve have a relationship with?

Answer 25

Parotid

Question 26

What is the main sensory nerve of the face?

Answer 26

The trigeminal nerve

Question 27

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 27

Ophthalmic (Va) Maxillary (Vb) Mandibular (VCard)

Question 28

What is cranial nerve Va?

Answer 28

Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 29

What is cranial nerve Vb?

Answer 29

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 30

What is cranial nerve Vc?

Answer 30

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 31

How do you test the trigeminal nerve function?

Answer 31

It is the main sensory nerve of the face so touch in all three dermatomes - on both sides so can check that both trigeminal nerves are working

Question 32

What are the three cartilages in the neck?

Answer 32

Hyoid Thyroid Cricoid

Question 33

What innervates the platysma?

Answer 33

The cervical branch of the facial nerve

Question 34

What is the action of platysma?

Answer 34

Tense neck ( for shaving)

Question 35

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 35

The accessory nerve

Question 36

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 36

Turns the neck

Question 37

What is the innervation of the scalene muscles?

Answer 37

C4-6

Question 38

Where does the anterior triangle communicate with?

Answer 38

The thorax

Question 39

Where does the posterior triangle communicate with?

Answer 39

The upper limb

Question 40

What are the actions of the suprehyoid muscles?

Answer 40

Elevate the hyoid and depress the mandible

Question 41

What are the infrahyoid muscles also known as?

Answer 41

The strap muscles

Question 42

What do the infrahyoid muscles do?

Answer 42

Depress and stabilise the hyoid

Question 43

What are the border of the anterior triangle?

Answer 43

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid Midline of the neck Inferior border of the mandible

Question 44

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 44

The sternocleidomastoid | The clavicle and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

Question 45

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

Answer 45

Posterior belly of the digastric Omohyoid Sternocleidomastoid

Question 46

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

Answer 46

The carotid sheath ( containing the common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, the vagus nerve)

Question 47

Where do deep neck spaces communicate with?

Answer 47

Mediastinum causing medistinitis

Question 48

Where in the neck in the thyroid gland?

Answer 48

Very low down

Question 49

Who does a retropharangeal abscess normally occur in?

Answer 49

Under 5s due to comparatively larger lymph nodes

Question 50

What muscle is used for squeezing eyes shut?

Answer 50

Orbicularis oculus

Question 51

What muscle is used for closing/pursing lips?

Answer 51

Orbicularis oris

Question 52

What is bell’s palsy mistaken for?

Answer 52

A stroke

Question 53

How can you tell the difference between Bell’s palsy and a stroke?

Answer 53

A stroke patient will be able to raise their eyebrows whereas one with Bell’s palsy will not

Question 54

What is the scalp made of?

Answer 54

``` Skin dense Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Periosteum ```

Question 55

What are the major vessels in the neck?

Answer 55

``` External jugular vein Internal jugular vein Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery External carotid artery ```

Question 56

What comes of the thyrocervical trunk?

Answer 56

Ascending and transverse cervical Subscapularis Inferior thyroid

Question 57

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

Answer 57

The subclavian arteries on the left and right they then move superior trough the transverse foramen in C6-1 and then through foramen magnum

Question 58

Where is the location of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

Answer 58

About the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

Question 59

Why does atheroma commonly occur at the bifurcation?

Answer 59

There is turbeulence so blood slows

Question 60

How can the remove the plaque from the carotid bifurcation?

Answer 60

Surgically-end arterectomy

Question 61

What is in the cavernous sinus?

Answer 61

``` Internal carotid artery CNIII (occulomotor) Carotid nerve IV (trochlear) Cranial nerve VI abducent Two branches of the trigeminal (cranial nerves Va and Vb) ```

Question 62

What is the distribution of the external carotid retry?

Answer 62

6 branches- sup. Thyroid, lingual, facial, asc. Pharyngeal, occipital, post. Auricular 2 terminal branches- sup. Temporal, maxillary

Question 63

Why may the scalp bleed very profusely?

Answer 63

The anastomoses and the aponeurosis will pull the wound apart making the wound worse

Question 64

What are two branches of the maxillary artery?

Answer 64

Middle meninges | Sphenopalatine

Question 65

Kisselbach area

Answer 65

Common site for nose bleeds due to anastomoses of arteries

Question 66

Petrion

Answer 66

Site where bones of the skull join

Question 67

What shape does the rupture of the middle meningeal artery make on a CT scan?

Answer 67

A crescent shape

Question 68

What type of haemorrhage does the rupture of the middl meningeal artery cause?

Answer 68

An extradural haematoma

Question 69

What veins are valveless?

Answer 69

Emissary veins

Question 70

What is the problem with emissary veins being valveless?

Answer 70

Infection can spread from the scalp to cranial cavity and affect the meninges

Question 71

What is the danger triangle of the face?

Answer 71

Infections in the region of the face which can spread through venous system to dural venous sinuses

Question 72

Which jugular vein is used to measure jugular venous pressure and why?

Answer 72

Right internal jugular vein