INTRO TO HEMA Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Non nucleated blood cells that circulate at 150 to 400 x 109/L, with average counts slightly higher in women than in men and slightly lower in both sexes went over 65 years old
A
Platelet
2
Q
Lifespan of platelet is
A
8 to 10 days
3
Q
Platelets arise from unique bone marrow cells called ______. It is the largest cell in the bone marrow and is polyploid, possessing multiple chromosome copies
A
Megakaryocytes
4
Q
A
5
Q
Each megakaryocyte generally produces between ______ platelets
A
2000 to 4000
6
Q
The maturation of the cells of the megakaryocytic system has been divided into three stages, namely
A
From least the most mature;
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes
7
Q
•Earliest recognizable stage under light microscope
•14-18 um
•N:C ratio is 3:1
A
Megakaryoblast
8
Q
A
9
Q
•15-40 um in diameter
•Nuclear Lobulation begins
•The cytoplasm has visible, bluish-stained granules
•N:C ratio is 1:2
A
Promegakaryocyte
10
Q
• Largest Cell in BM
• Do not undergo endomitosis
• Ranging up to 160 u in size
•nucleoli are no longer visible
•occasionally pseudopod/irregular boarder
•N/C ratio = 1:1 - 1:12
A
Megakaryocyte
11
Q
Process when megakaryocytes issuing a long, slender cytoplasmic processes between endothelial cells and into the sinusoidal lumen
A
Pro platelet processes or bone plated processes
12
Q
Shape of platelet
A
,- Disk shaped or circular to irregular, lavender and granular and the wright stain wedge preparation
- biconcave - in vitro
- pseudopod - activated
13
Q
A
14
Q
normal value of platelets
A
150-450 x 10⁹/L
15
Q
Four anatomical areas of platelets
A
- Peripheral zone
- Sol gel zone
- Organelle zone
- Membranous system
16
Q
Growth factors affecting platelet production
A
• GM-CSF
• IL-3
• IL-6
• C-KIT LIGAND
• THROMBOPOEITIN
17
Q
Hematopoietic cell growth factor
A
GM-CSF
18
Q
Proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors
A
IL-3
19
Q
Megakaryocyte maturation
A
IL -6
20
Q
-Also known as stem cell factor, mast cell growth factor, and steel factor
- major regulator of platelet formation
-95% is produced by the liver
-increases the number and rate of maturation of megakaryocytes
A
Thrombopoietin
21
Q
A
22
Q
Layers of the peripheral zone
A
a. Glycocalyx
b. Plasma membrane
c. Submembranous area
23
Q
External surface of the platelet; important inflated reaction with thrombin, vWF and fibrinogen
A
Glycocalyx
24
Q
Lies beneath the glycocalyx;
Arachidonic acid is the major component
A
Plasma membrane
25
Receptor for vWF
GP1B
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Receptor for fibrinogen
GP2B/3A
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Messages from the external membrane are translated into chemical signals causing activation and the physical change in platelet
Sub membranous area
28
Anatomical division of platelet responsible for its shape and structure
Sol gel zone
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Contains actin and myosin upon stimulation of platelets, Will interact to form actomyosin, a contractile protein important in clot retraction
Microfilament
30
Composed of tubulin which maintains platelet disk shape
Microtubules
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Composed of alpha granules, dense granules, mitochondria, and lysosomal granules
Organelle zone
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Most numerous granules of platelets; platelet factor 4, B-thromboglobulin, vWF, Fibrinogen, Fibronectin, thrombospondin, and Factor V
Alpha Granules
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- Serotonin
- ADP
-Mg
- ATP
-Ca
Dense granules
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ATP synthesis
Mitochondria
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Acp and hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosomal granules
36
Composed of dense tubular system and surface connecting system
Membranous system
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Derived from smooth and the plasmic reticulum; it also synthesizes prostaglandins
Dense Tubular System
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Acts as a canal for the release of granule constituents
Surface connecting system (Open canalicular system)
39
Participates in a sequence of events that lead to the formation of a platelet plug and ultimately to the formation of a stable fibrin clot at the site of vessel interaction
Platelet function
40
Platelet function
1. Primary hemostasis
2. Blood coagulation (secondary hemostasis)
3. Clot Retraction
4. Helps in localization
41
by adhesion, secretion and aggregation with the end view of hemostatic plug
Primary hemostasis
42
May releasing platelet factor 3 that plays a big role informing fibrin clot
Blood coagulation or secondary hemostasis
43
By its actomysin
Clot retraction
44
Of bacteria and other small objects and producing aggregates two large to pass through capillaries
Helps in localization
45
Haima means
Blood
46
Stasis
Stagnation or halt
47
A series of complex processes by which the body spontaneously stops bleeding and maintains blood on its fluid state within the blood vessel compartment
Hemostasis
48
hemostasis is a continuous balance created between processes of
Coagulation/thrombosis
Bleeding/hemorrhage
49
- activated by desquamation and small injuries to blood vessels
-involves vascular intima and platelets
-rapid, short-lived response
-Brooklyn substances exposed or released by damage or activated endothelial cells
Primary hemostasis
50
-activated by large injuries to blood vessels and surrounding tissues
-involves platelets and coagulation system
-The activator, tissue factor, is exposed on cell membrane
Secondary hemostasis
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Major components of hemostasis
1. Extravascular component
2. Vascular component
3. Intravascular component
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•Tissue surrounding the blood vessel
• The bulk or amount of surrounding tissues
• The type of tissue surrounding the injured vessel
•the tone of surrounding tissues
(TISSUE)
Extravascular component
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•vessels through which the blood flows
•The innermost lining of blood vessels is a monolayer of metabolically active and endothelial cells
Vascular component
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Component consist of plasma proteins and platelets
Intravascular component
56
Components of hemostasis needed for blood coagulation
-platelets
-vWF
-serotonin
-TXA2
-clotting factor
- cations
(PVTCC)
57
Components of hemostasis needed for blood clot dissolution
-plasmin
-tissue plasminogen activators
58
Components of hemostasis that is regulator of proteins
-protein S
-protein C
-thrombomodulin
-a-2 antiplasmin
-a-2 macroglobulin
-prostacyclin
(CSTAMP)
59
Other proteins that constitutes two hemostasis process
-kinin system
-complement system
-other protease inhibitors
(KCP)
60
Vascular and endothelium is composed of
Rhomboid cells
61
Anticoagulant property of vascular endothelium
Present a smooth, contiguous surface
62
Anticoagulant properties of endothelial cells that secretes prostacyclin
The eicosanoid platelet inhibitor
63
I'll take regular property of endothelial cells that secretes nitric oxide
A vascular "relaxing" factor
64
Anticoagulan properties of endothelium that secretes the glycos aminoglycan and heparan sulfate
An anticoagulant that regulates thrombin generation
65
I'm thinking aguiland properties of healthy little cells that secretes tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
A regulator of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation
66
And the dealer sells express the protein C receptor (EPCR)
An integral component of protein C control system
67
ECs express cell membrane thrombomodulin
A protein C coagulation control system activator
68
ECs secrete TPA
Activates fibrinolysis
69
Procoagulant properties of damaged vascular intima
•smooth muscle cells in arterioles and arteries
•expose some endothelial collagen
•damage or activated ECs secret adhesion molecules: P-selectin, ICAMs, PECAMS
•exposed smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
•ECs in inflammation
70
Smooth muscle cells in arterioles and arteries
Induce vasoconstriction (promotes adhesions)
71
Expose of sub endothelial collagen
Binds vWF; binds the platelets and activates it
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Important for plated binding to collagen at site of injury: latest edition as a first line of defense against bleeding
Damage or activated ECs secrete vWF
73
Promote platelet and leukocyte binding and activation at site of injury
Damaged or activated ECs secrete adhesion molecules:
P-selectin, ICAMs, PECAMs
74
Tissue factor exposed on cell membranes
Exposed smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
75
Endothelial cells in inflammation
Tissue factor is induced by inflammation (start of secondary hemostasis)
76
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Arachidonic acid is released from cell membrane phospholipids (from ECs)
Prostacyclin synthesis
78
Arachidonic acid is released from cell membrane phospholipids (from platelet)
Thromboxane a2 synthesis
79
It catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 (PGG2)
COX (cyclooxygenase)
80
• arachidonic acid is released from cell membrane phospholipids
• cyclooxygenase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 (PGG2)
• PGG2 is further converted to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2)
•Thromboxane synthase, found in platelets, converts PGH2 to Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
• TXA2 promotes vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure
•it stimulates platelet aggregation, contributing to blood clot formation
Thromboxane A2 synthesis
81
• arachidonic acid is released from cell membrane phospholipids
• cyclooxygenase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 (PGG2)
• PGG2 is further converted to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2)
•prostacyclin synthase, an enzyme found in endothelial cells, converts PGH2 to prostacyclin (PG12)
• prostacyclin induces vasodilation, helping the regulate blood flow
•its inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of blood clot formation
Prostacyclin (PG12) Synthesis
82
Induces vasodilation, helping to regulate blood flow
Prostacyclin
83
Promotes vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood flow pressure
Thromboxane A2
84
Fibrinolytic properties of vascular intima
(dissolving of clot)
1. Removal of fibrin to restore vessel patency
2. Secretes tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
3. Provide inhibitors of plasmin
85
Converts plasminogen to plasmin
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
86
digests the fibrin/clot
Plasmin
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88
Platelets roll and cling to non-platelet surfaces
Platelet adhesion
89
Reversible: seals endothelial gaps, some secretion in growth factors, in arterioles, vWF is necessary
Platelet adhesion
90
Platelets adhere to each other
Platelet aggregation
91
Irreversible: platelet plugs form, platelet contents are secreted, requires fibrinogen
Platelet aggregation
92
Platelets discharge the contents of their granules
Platelet secretion
93
Irreversible: occurs during aggregation, platelet contents are secreted, essential to coagulation
Platelet secretion
94
Vascular system structure and function
1. Endothelium
2. Sub endothelium
3. Vascular endothelium produces or releases substances important in hemostasis
95
Vascular permeability and blood flow rate are controlled by a single layer of ___ that line the vessel wall
Endothelial cells
96
Vascular lining is non-reactive to platelet and plasma proteins until ___
Damaged
97
Upon injury, ____vascular permeability occurs, allowing leakage of plasma proteins and blood cell migration to site of injury
Increased
98
Damage causes_____ to minimize blood loss; allows interaction among vessels, platelets, and plasma
Vasoconstriction
99
Composed of smooth muscle cells and connective tissue with collagen fibers
Sub endothelium
100
Exposure of ___ causes platelet activation: activates the intrinsic pathway of secondary hemostasis
Collagen
