INTRO TO IMHM Flashcards
1
Q
Immunohematology also known as
A
blood banking
2
Q
is a branch of hematology which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders.
A
immunohematology
3
Q
What is the main objective of immuohematology
A
To have a safe transfusion
4
Q
refers to the process of collecting, storing, and
processing blood and the distribution of RBCs and blood components.
A
blood banking
5
Q
Why does RBC need to be properly distributed?
A
To avoid having expired blood
6
Q
branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion of blood and blood components.
A
Transfusion medicine
7
Q
In what year first time a blood transfusion was recorded in history.
A
1492
8
Q
Transfusion medicine is also known as
A
transfusiology
9
Q
received blood from three
different individual.
A
Pope Innocent VII
10
Q
What is the principal obstacle to overcome in 1942?
A
Clotting
11
Q
English surgeon that uses antiseptics to
control infection during transfusions.
A
Joseph Lister
12
Q
What are the two antiseptics used in blood transfusion?
A
- alcohol
- povidone-iodine
13
Q
Who recommends sodium phosphate?
A
Braxton hicks
14
Q
What is the first example of blood preservative?
A
sodium phosphate
15
Q
sodium phosphate is used for
A
pregnant women
16
Q
Who discovered the ABO blood group system and when was it?
A
Karl Landsteiner in 1901
17
Q
If agglutinogen is present on rbc membrane -
A
agglutinin is absent in the plasma
18
Q
If agglutinogen is absent on rbc membrane -
A
agglutinin is present in the plasma
19
Q
Blood type A
A
anti-B is present
20
Q
Blood type B
A
anti-A is present
21
Q
Blood type O
A
anti-A and anti-B are present
22
Q
Who discovered blood type AB or the 4th blood type?
A
Alfred Bon Decastello and Adriano Sturli
23
Q
When was the 4th blood type discovered?
A
1902
24
Q
who suggests that the safety of
transfusion might be improved by crossmatching
A
Ludvig Hektoen
25
Other term for crossmatching
compatibility testing
26
antihuman globulin also known as
coomb's test
27
who devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor.
Alexis Carrel
28
vein-to-artery or direct method is also known as
anastomosis
29
procedure proves unfeasible for blood
transfusions, but paves the way for successful organ
transplantation
vein-to-artery or direct method
30
When did Carrel receives the Nobel
Prize
1912
31
who describes the AHG reaction
Moreschi
32
Principle of AHG test
Detecting the in vivo and in vitro sensitization of RBC
33
check cells for the reverse blood typing of a specific
blood type
A1 and A2 cells
34
Who introduced group cells and when was it?
Von Dungern and Hirszfel in 1911
35
Who developed Lee-White clotting time
Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White
36
packed RBCs type O rh
negative
universal donor
37
packed RBCs type AB rh
positive
universal recipient
38
Test that measures the time of blood clotting
Lee-White clotting time
39
When was lee-white clotting time developed?
1912
40
first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion.
Edward E. Lindemann
41
When was the first successful blood transfusion
1913
42
unprecedented accomplishment in blood
transfusion was achieved in
1914
43
reported the use of sodium citrate as
an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.
Albert Hustin
44
determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its
nontoxicity in small amounts.
Lewisohn
45
46
Who introduced citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.
Francis Rous and Turner
47
Where was first hospital-based blood depot established?
Leningrad hospital
48
When was the term blood bank originates and who originated it?
in 1937 by Bernard Fantus
49
first hospital blood bank in the US
Cook County Hospital in Chicago
50
possible component to control the
bleeding
plasma
51
Rh blood group system is discovered by
Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson
52
When was cold ethanol
fractionation
1940
53
who develops develops the first blood container
John Elliott
54
Who develops cold ethanol
fractionation
Edwin Cohn
55
when was the first blood container developed?
1940
56
When was American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) formed?
1947
57
When was the use of glycerol
cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells reported?
1950
58
What substances prevent water loss and cell damage of the RBCs
glycerol
glucose
urea
59
Who reported the use of glycerol
cryoprotectant
Audrey Smith
60
Who introduce the plastic bag for blood collection
Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr.
61
Designed for collection, storage and transfusion of whole blood
single bag
62
Separation of whole blood into red cell and plasma
double bag
63
Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate and plasma.
triple bag
64
Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate,
cryoprecipitate and plasma
quadruple bag
65
providing a centralized system for exchanging blood among blood banks
AABB Clearinghouse
66
When was AABB Clearinghouse established?
1953
67
Clearinghouse is now called
National Blood Exchange
68
When was the development of the refrigerated centrifuge
1953
69
improved preservative
solution which is less acidic
citrate-phosphate-dextrose
70
standard preservative used for blood storage
citrate-phosphate-dextrose
71
deciphers the molecular structure of hemoglobin
Max Perutz of Cambridge University
72
The role of platelet concentrates in reducing mortality from hemorrhage in cancer patients is recognized in what year?
1961
73
concentrate
to treat coagulation disorders in hemophilia patients
antihemophilic factor
74
introduced as a means of
collecting plasma for fractionation
plasmapheresis
75
cryoprecipitated AHF treatment for
hemophilia
76
Rh immune globulin or what we call now as
Rhogam
77
used to extract one cellular component,
returning the rest of the blood to the donor.
APHERESIS
78
CPDA-1 shelf life
35 days
79
With the growth of component therapy, products for
coagulation disorders, and plasma exchange for the
treatment of autoimmune disorders, hospital and
community blood banks enter the era of transfusion
medicine
1980
80
First Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
case reported.
1981
81
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identified as
cause of AIDS
1984
82
Introduction of first specific test for hepatitis C, the major cause of “non-A, non-B” hepatitis.
1990
83
tests implemented in 1992
HIV 1 and HIV 2 testing
84
When was West Nile virus identified as transfusion transmissible.
2002
85
First West Nile Virus-positive unit of blood
intercepted
2003
86
AABB receives $2.4 Million CDC grant to reduce
transfusion-transmitted HIV in Africa and South
America.
2004
87
FDA approves the first West Nile virus (WNV) blood
test to screen donors of blood, organs, cells and
tissue
2005
88
Are units of inheritance that encode for
certain traits or visible characteristics
genes
89
- linear arrangement of genes
CHROMOSOMES
90
physical
expression of inherited genes.
phenotype
91
The set of alleles for a given trait carried
by an organism
genotype
92
defined as alternative forms of a
gene. A portion within the chromosome that codes for
the traits/genes
allele
93
specific location of genes within the
chromosomes
locus or loci
94
inherited on one of the 22 pairs of
autosomal chromosomes
autosomal
95
genes inherited on the sex
chromosomes
sex linked
96
a gene that is when expressed whenever
the allele is present
dominant
97
a gene that is not expressed even the
allele is present. Silent gene can only be expressed if
two identical genes are present
recessive
98
a pair of genes in which neither is
dominant over the other. Two different genes that are
inherited at the same loci on a pair of chromosomes
codominant
98
having two identical genes for a
given trait
Homozygous
99
having two unidentical genes for a
given trait
heterozygous
100
crossbreed of homozygous red and homozygous
white flower
2nd generation
101
Consisted of all red or all white flowers
1st Generation or “Parental”
102
This allows for all possible combinations of genes
to occur in the offspring.
Law of Independent Assortment
103
Exact characteristics as the
parental generation
parental type
104
mixture of dominant
feature and recessive feature
reciprocal type
105
The interpretation of pedigree analysis requires the
understanding of various standard conventions in the
representation of data figures
inheritance pattern
106
Males are always represented by
square
107
females are always represented by
circle
108
A line joining a male and female indicates
mating
109
offspring are indicated by
vertical line
110
A double line between a male and female indicates
consanguineous mating
111
A stillbirth or abortion is indicated by
small black circle
112
Deceased family members have
line crossed
through them.
113
indicated by an
arrow pointing to it
propositus
114
Different Inheritance Patterns
Autosomal Recessive
Autosomal Dominant
X-linked Recessive
X-linked Dominant
115
refers to traits that are not carried on the
sex chromosomes
autosomal
116
carried by either parent or both
parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic
level unless both parents carry the trait.
recessive trait
117
The father always expresses the trait but never
passes it on to his sons.
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
118
In X-linked Recessive Inheritance, the father always passes the trait to
all of his daughters
119
In X-linked Dominant Inheritance Father always passes his Y chromosome to
son
120
illustrates the probabilities of
phenotypes from known or inferred genotypes
punnet squares
121
Portrays the potential offspring’s phenotypes or
parent’s probable genotype
punnet squares
122
identical from the same egg
monozygotic twins
123
nonidentical; 2 different eggs
dizygotic twins
