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Immunity > Intro to Immunity > Flashcards

Intro to Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Protection of one organism against another, elimination or control of the offending organism, and setting up conditions to prevent the offending organism from causing more problems

A

Immunity

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2
Q

Network of many different types of proteins, cells, tissues, and organs

A

Immune System

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3
Q

What are two major roles of the immune system?

A

Combating pathogens and combating cancer

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4
Q

Disease causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungus, parasites, and prions

A

Pathogens

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5
Q

Aberrant, uncontrolled cell growth gene mutations

A

Cancer

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6
Q

Proteins that can specifically bind pathogens

-immune system can made a trillions

A

Detectors

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7
Q

The main question that the immune system must answer is, is this cell/tissue/protein

A

Self or not self

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8
Q

Uninfected, healthy, normal

A

Self

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9
Q

Viruses, bacteria, fungus, parasites, and cells that are infected by these pathogens and diseased cells (i.e. cancer)

A

Non-self

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10
Q

The destruction of healthy tissues, leading to nasty diseases

A

Autoimmunity

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11
Q

What is an example of autoimmunity?

A

Type 1 diabetes

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12
Q

Attack and kill insulin producing B cells resulting in type 1 diabetes

A

T cells

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13
Q

The term antigen is derived form which two words?

A

Antibody and generator

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14
Q

Most antigens are

A

Proteins or large polysaccharides

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15
Q

Often a component of invading microbes, such as the capsule, cell wall, flagella, toxin

A

Antigens

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16
Q

An antigen elicits an immune response it is often referred to as a

A

Immunogen

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17
Q

The reactive portion of the antigen that reacts chemically with an antibody to form the antigen-antibody complex or immune complex

A

Epitope

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18
Q

Not all antigens are derived from

A

Pathogens

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19
Q

Overexpressed, miss-expressed or mutated proteins can be antigens in

A

Cancer

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20
Q

Antigens found in autologous tumor Tumor cells can express altered versions of normal proteins due to

A

Genetic mutations

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21
Q

Bind to distinct antigen epitopes

A

Antibodies

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22
Q

The portion of the antibody that is different for every antibody

A

Variable regions

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23
Q

Antibodies are made up of

A

Heavy chains and light chains

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24
Q

Antigen binds to a region of the antibody formed from the association of the

A

Variable light (VL) chain and variable heavy (VH) chain

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25
Q

Antibodies are the secreted version of the

A

B cell antigen receptor (BCR)

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26
Q

Have an overall structure that is similar to the BCR

A

T cell antigen receptor (TCR)

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27
Q

The TCR is NOT secreted like an

A

Antibody

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28
Q

The antigen binding site is highly variable on a

A

TCR

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29
Q

There are trillions of different

A

TCRs

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30
Q

TCR and BCR genes are generated by

A

V to J somatic recombination

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31
Q

What are the two types of immunological tolerance?

A

Central tolerance and peripheral tolerance

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32
Q

Removal of self reactive clones

A

Central tolerance

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33
Q

Occurs in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells)

A

Central Tolerance

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34
Q

Composed of ignorance, anergy, and suppression

A

Peripheral tolerance

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35
Q

Hide your self antigens

A

Ignorance

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36
Q

Shut down the self reactive clones

A

Anergy

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37
Q

Use other molecules, proteins or cells to keep the self reactive clones in check

A

Suppression

38
Q

Effector T cells and antibodies persist for weeks after exposure to antigen. This is called

A

Protective immunity

39
Q

The second exposure to the same antigen produces a

A

Much faster response

40
Q

This faster second response is referred to as

A

Immunological memory

41
Q

Part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph

A

Lymphatic System

42
Q

There are tissues and organs that are designed and located to convey antigens into contact with

A

Lymphocytes

43
Q

Before returning to circulation, lymph is filtered by

A

Lymph nodes

44
Q

What are the three types of cells that lymph contains?

A

T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells

45
Q

Primary sites for immune system activation

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

46
Q

Cells of the immune system develop from a common progenitor called the

A

Hematopoetic stem cell

47
Q

B cells develop in the

A

Bone marrow

48
Q

Develop in the thymus

A

T cells

49
Q

Cell membrane molecules that are used to classify leukocytes into subsets

A

Cluster of Differentiation (CD)

50
Q

Defined or classified by the reference monoclonal antibodies to which they bind

A

CD molecules

51
Q

There are many clusters of differentiation; many cells express more than one

A

CD marker

52
Q

A phenotypic characterization of a cell of hematopoietic origin may be made by examining the pattern of

A

CD markers

53
Q

Following maturity, migrate to various lymphoid organs where they await contact with antigens

A

T lymphocytes (T Cells)

54
Q

The basis for cell-mediated immunity q

A

T cells

55
Q

Can kill infected cells or can help activate other cells (B cells and macrophages)

A

T cells

56
Q

Antibody producing cells that respond to an antigen stimulation (humeral response)

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

57
Q

Can provide protective immunity for decades

A

Antibodies

58
Q

Develop in bone marrow, but specific functions are often acquired later within tissues

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

59
Q

Have differing microscopic appearances but they are grouped together as the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Macrophages and Dendritic cells

60
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells have a variety of functions including phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines, and

A

Antigen presentation

61
Q

Cells must be “tagged” as infected to activate the

A

Adaptive immune system

62
Q

This “tag” is a

A

MHC bound to fragments of antigen

63
Q

MHC class I antigens are targeted to

A

CD8 T cells (Killer T cells)

64
Q

MHC class II antigens are targeted to

A

CD4 T cells (Helper T cells)

65
Q

Pathogen detector expressed by T cells

A

TCR

66
Q

The most important Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) are

A

Dendritic Cells (DCs)

67
Q

Can directly kill virus-infected cells or can help the immune defense capabilities of other cells

A

T cells

68
Q

Loaded with peptides taken up by phagocytosis

A

MHC II

69
Q

Loaded with peptides made inside the cell

A

MH I

70
Q

Capable of destroying other cells, particularly viruses-infected cells and tumor cells

-do not express TCR or BCR

A

Natural Killer Cells

71
Q

Natural Killer cells do not express

A

TCR or BCR

72
Q

Natural killer cells an attack

A

Large parasites

73
Q

Defend the body against antigens and pathogens in body fluids

A

B cells

74
Q

B cells defend the body against antigens and pathogens in body fluids. This process is called

A

Humoral Immunity

75
Q

Defend the body against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells

A

T cells

76
Q

T cells defend the body against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells. This process is called

A

Cell-mediated Immunity

77
Q

Function in nonspecific immunity such as that seen with bacteria entering a wound

A

Phagocytes

78
Q

Have phagocytic receptors that bind microbes and their components

A

Macrophages

79
Q

Bound material is then internalized in phagosomes and broken down into

A

Phagolysosomes

80
Q

Will not activate the immune response. They must be mixed with adjuvants

A

“Clean” Pathogens

81
Q

An agent that stimulates the immune system and, for example increases the response to a vaccine, but does not have a specific antigenic effect in of itself

A

Adjuvant

82
Q

Components of the pathogens are recognized by

A

Pattern recognition receptors

83
Q

Germline encoded receptors that bind pathogen specific antigens, such as LPS

A

Adjuvants

84
Q

Activation via these receptors precedes activation of the

A

Adaptive immune response (T and B cells)

85
Q

Required for innate defense against fungal infection in flies

A

Toll

86
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize

A

Pathogens

87
Q

How can we test blood to separate CD4, CD8, and other immune components

A

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) i.e. flow cytometry

88
Q

The basis for the smallpox vaccine is that smollpox viruses share some surface antigens with

A

Cowpox

89
Q

Immunization with cowpox induces antibodies against

A

Cowpox surface antigens

90
Q

Cowpox antibodies are then able to bind and neutralize

A

Smallpox virus

Immunity (33 decks)

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